hpool矿池显示服务器维护,HPOOL

Hard Disk Drive

Hard Disk(English:Hard DiskDrive,abbreviation:HDD,sometimes called"mechanical hard disk"or"traditional hard disk"in order to distinguish it from solid-state hard drives)is a non-volatile memory based on hard rotating disks used on computers.It stores and stores on a flat magnetic surface.To retrieve digital data,the data is written to the disk through the magnetic head that is close to the magnetic surface and the polarity is changed by electromagnetic current.The data can be read through the disk.The principle is that the disk itself is when the head passes over the disk.The magnetic field causes the electrical signal in the reading coil to change.Hard disk reads and writes adopt a semi-random access method,which can read the data in the hard disk in any order,but the speed of reading data at different locations is different.The hard disk consists of one or several high-speed rotating disks and a magnetic head placed on the actuator cantilever.

Early hard disk storage media are replaceable,but now hard disk storage media generally cannot be replaced.The disc and the magnetic head are sealed together in the hard drive.The hard disk has an air hole with filtering measures to balance the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the hard disk caused by the heat generated during work.

The hard disk was used by IBM in 1956 and became the main auxiliary storage device(English:secondary storage)in general-purpose computers in the early 1960s.With the advancement of technology,hard disks have also become the main components of servers and personal computers..

Interface

Data interface

According to different data interfaces,hard disks are roughly divided into ATA(also known as IDE)and SATA,as well as SCSI and SAS.The interface speed is not the data transmission speed of the actual hard disk.At present,the actual data transmission speed of an ordinary hard disk generally does not exceed 300MB/s.

ATA

Full name Advanced TechnologyAttachment uses a traditional 40-pin parallel port data cable to connect the motherboard and the hard disk.The maximum interface speed is 133MB/s.Because the anti-interference of the parallel port cable is too poor,and the cable takes up a lot of space,it is not good for the internal heat dissipation of the computer.Gradually replaced by SATA.

SATA

The full name is SerialATA,that is,the ATA interface that uses the serial port.It is characterized by strong anti-interference,much lower requirements for data lines than ATA,and supports hot plugging and other functions.The interface speed of SATA-II is 300MiB/s,and the new SATA-III standard can reach a transfer speed of 600MiB/s.The data cable of SATA is also much thinner than that of ATA,which is conducive to the air circulation in the case,and it is more convenient to arrange the cables.

SCSI

Full name Small Computer System Interface(minicomputer system interface),has experienced multiple generations of development,from the early SCSI-II to the current Ultra320SCSI and Fiber-Channel(fiber channel),the interface types are also diverse.SCSI hard disks are widely used in workstation-class personal computers and servers.Therefore,more advanced technologies are used,such as high-speed disk rotation of 15000rpm,and lower CPU usage during data transmission,but the unit price is also higher than that of ATA and SATA of the same capacity.Hard drives are more expensive.

SAS

Full name Serial AttachedSCSI is a new generation of SCSI technology,compatible with SATA hard disks,and also supports hot-swappable.It adopts serial technology to obtain higher transmission speed,which can reach 12Gb/s,and the disk rotation speed is also faster.The smaller connecting line can improve the air circulation in the internal space of the system.Usually used in enterprise products such as servers.In addition,because SAS hard disks can share the same backplane with SATA hard disks,SATA hard disks can be used to replace some expensive SAS hard disks in the same SAS storage system,saving overall storage costs.However,SATA storage systems cannot connect to SAS hard drives.

FC

The full name is FibreChannel(Fibre Channel Interface).The hard disk with this interface has the characteristics of hot pluggability,high-speed bandwidth(4Gb/s or 10Gb/s),remote connection,etc.when using optical fiber connection;the internal transmission rate is also higher than ordinary The hard drive is higher.But its price is high,so FC interface is usually only used in high-end server field.

Power connector

3.5-inch desktop hard drives:ATA interface hard drives generally use a D-shaped 4-pin power interface(commonly known as"big 4pin"),designed and patented by Molex;SATA hard drives use SATA power cords.

The 2.5-inch laptop hard drive can be directly powered by the data port,without the need for an additional power interface.After the external portable hard disk box is plugged in,the external USB interface of the computer provides the power source,and a single USB interface power supply is about 4~5V500mA.If the mobile hard disk box has a high power demand,sometimes it is necessary to connect two USB interfaces.Use,otherwise,need an external power supply.But now most new hard disk enclosures(using 2.5-inch or smaller hard disks)can easily use a single USB port for power supply.

Structure

Physical Structure

The physical structure of a hard disk is generally composed of magnetic heads and disks,motors,main control chips,and cables;when the main motor drives the disks to rotate,the auxiliary motor drives a group(heads)to the corresponding disks and determines Read the front or back side of the disk.The magnetic head is suspended on the disk surface to draw a circular track(track or cylinder)concentric with the disk.At this time,the magnetic induction coil of the magnetic head senses the magnetic and magnetic properties on the disk surface.Use the read time or data interval specified by the hard disk manufacturer to locate the sector to obtain the data content of the sector;Track

When the disk rotates,if the head is held in one position,each head will draw a circular track on the surface of the disk.These circular tracks are called tracks.Cylinder surface

In a disc group composed of multiple discs,a cylindrical surface(Cylinder)composed of multiple tracks with different disc faces but in the same radius circle.Sectors

Each track on the disk is equally divided into a number of arcs,and these arcs are the sectors of the hard disk.The first sector of the hard disk is called the boot sector.

Avoid trouble

The speed of the hard disk platters is extremely fast,and the distance from the platters is extremely small;therefore,the inside of the hard disk is dust-free,and the hard disk has a filter to filter the air entering the hard disk.In order to prevent the head from hitting the disc,manufacturers have devised various protection methods;at present,hard disks have good protection against earthquakes(some hard disks in the 1990s,if they encounter a slightly larger earthquake in use,they are likely to be damaged).The ability to fall has also been greatly improved.When the power is turned off and large vibrations are encountered,the heads will immediately move to the safe area(recent hard disks have also begun to prevent sudden power failures);and many notebook computer manufacturers have also developed various notebook computer structures.Strengthen the drop resistance of the hard disk.However,when the hard disk is powered on,its resistance to drop(rotational inversion)will be reduced,and it can only be moved gently.Many people have developed that they will not move the hard disk(and laptop)within 30 seconds to one minute after turning off the hard disk.habit.

After 2010,helium encapsulation technology was mass-produced.In the past,the filling medium of hard disks was air,but it was easily affected by air.Therefore,the distance between the platters must be sufficient.The density of helium is much smaller than that of air.The characteristic is stability.Using it as a medium,the resistance and vibration are relatively small,so the distance between the platters can be reduced,so more platters can be installed in the same space.The advantage of using helium packaging is that the capacity is changed.In addition,the temperature and power consumption can be further reduced,so the durability and stability can be further improved.

Logical Structure

When the operating system reads and writes to the hard disk,it needs to use the file system to combine the sectors of the hard disk into clusters,and create a file and tree directory system to make it easy for the operating system to access and find it because of the operation It would be very troublesome for the system to directly address a large number of sectors.

MBR and GPT

Master Boot Record Record(abbreviation:MBR),also known as the master boot sector,is the first sector that must be read when the computer is booted to access the hard disk.The master boot sector records information about the hard disk itself and the size and size of each partition of the hard disk.Location information is an important entry point for data information.If it is damaged,the basic data structure information on the hard disk will be lost.It is necessary to use a tedious way to tentatively reconstruct the data structure information before re-accessing the original data.For those disks with 512-bit sectors,MBR partitioning The table does not support partitions with a capacity greater than 2.2TB(2.2×1012 bytes).

Globally uniquely identify the partition table(GUID Partition Table(abbreviation:GPT)is a standard for the structure and layout of the partition table of a physical hard disk.It is part of the Extensible Firmware Interface(EFI)standard(used by Intel to replace the BIOS of personal computers).GPT allocates 64 bits to the logical block address,thus making it possible for the maximum partition size to be 264-1 sectors.For a disk with a sector size of 512 bytes,that means there can be 9.4ZB(9.4x 1021 bytes)or 8 ZiB-512 bytes(9,444,732,965,739,290,426,880 bytes or 18,446,744,073,709,551,615(264-1)sectors x 512(29)bytes per sector)

Size

The size and purpose of hard drives can be divided into:0.85 inches,mostly used in portable devices such as mobile phones,and has been discontinued.

1 inch(micro hard drive,MicroDrive),mostly used in digital cameras(CF type II interface),currently has been discontinued.

1.8 inches,mostly used in notebook computers and external hard disk enclosures,it is currently discontinued.

2.5 inches,mostly used in notebook computers and external hard drive enclosures.External hard disk enclosures with 2.5-inch hard disks generally do not require an external power supply.

3.5 inches,mostly used in desktop computers.However,external hard disk enclosures with 3.5" hard disks generally require an external power supply, because the power consumption exceeds the upper limit of USB power supply, and the 3.5-inch hard disk requires 12v voltage.

5.25 inches, mostly used by early desktop computers, has been discontinued.

10.5 inches.

14 inches, such as NEC DKU800

Main parameters

In addition to the interface and size, the hard disk has the following parameters:CapacityThe most important parameters of hard disks. At present, the capacities of hard disks are 36GB, 40GB, 45GB, 60GB, 75GB, 80GB, 120GB, 150GB, 160GB, 200GB, 250GB, 300GB, 320GB, 400GB, 500GB, 640GB, 750GB, 1TB, 1.5TB, 2TB, 2.5TB, 3TB, 4TB, 5TB, 6TB, 8TB, 10TB, 12TB, 14TB, 16TB, 18TB and many other specifications, but the calculation error...

SpeedThe number of revolutions per minute of the hard disk, in rpm (Revolutions Per Minute, the number of revolutions per minute), there are 4200rpm, 5400rpm, 5900rpm, 7200rpm, 10000rpm, 15000rpm, 18000rpm and other specifications. Generally speaking, the higher the rotation speed, the better the data transmission rate, but at the same time the higher the noise, power consumption and heat generation.

CacheThere are mainly 2MB, 8MB, 16MB, 32MB, 64MB, 128MB, 256MB and other specifications.

Average seek time The unit ofis ms (milliseconds), with 5.2ms, 8.5ms, 8.9ms, 12ms, etc.

Internal transmission speedincludes the speed at which the head reads data from the disk into the cache, and the speed at which the head writes data from the cache to the disk. It can be used to evaluate the read and write speed and overall performance of the hard disk.

In addition to voltage, current, etc., solid state drives also have parameters such as master control and particle type (SLC, MLC, TLC, QLC). Generally, 3.5-inch hard disks in mechanical hard disks require 5V and 12V voltage, and 2.5-inch hard disks only need 5V voltage. However, because of the mechanical structure, the power consumption is usually higher than that of solid-state hard disks; the voltage of solid-state hard disks is generally 5V or 3.3V, and at the same time The power consumption of solid-state hard drives is usually low (power consumption is about 2.5W, current is about 500mA), and it is more energy-efficient than mechanical hard drives.

History of DevelopmentTimeDevelopment content

1956IBM'sIBM 305 RAMAC(English< span class="ilh-colon">:IBM 305 RAMAC) is the prototype of a modern hard disk, which is equivalent to the volume of two refrigerators, but its storage capacity is only 5MB.

1973This year IBM 3340 came out, it has the nickname "Winchester", derived from its two 30MB storage units, which happened to be the caliber and filling of the famous "Winchester Rifle" at the time the amount. So far, the basic structure of the hard disk has been established.

1980The company founded by two former IBM employees has developed a 5.25-inch 5MB hard drive ST506, which is the first desktop-oriented product, and the company is Seagate.

Late 1980sIBM launched MR (Magneto Resistive magnetoresistance) technology greatly improves the sensitivity of the magnetic head, and increases the storage density of the disk by dozens of times compared with the previous 20Mbpsi (bit/square inch). This technology lays the foundation for a huge increase in hard disk capacity. In 1991, IBM applied this technology to launch the first 3.5-inch 1GB hard drive.

From 1970 to 1991The storage density of hard disk platters has been increasing at a rate of 25% to 30% per year; it has increased to 60% to 80% since 1991; so far, the speed has increased to 100% or even 200%. The amazing speed increase since 1997 has benefited from IBM's GMR (Giant Magneto Resistive (Giant Magneto Resistance) technology, which further improves the sensitivity of the magnetic head, thereby increasing the storage density.

1993Conner Peripherals launched the CP30344 hard drive with a capacity of 340MB.

1995In order to cooperate with Intel's LX chipset, Quantum and Intel jointly release UDMA 33 interface-EIDE standard increased the original interface data transmission rate from 16.6MB/s to 33MB/s. In the same year, Seagate developed fluid dynamic bearings (FDB, Fluid Dynamic Bearing) electric motor. The so-called FDB refers to the introduction of the technology on the gyroscope into the production of hard disks, replacing metal bearings with an oil film that is one-tenth of the diameter of a hair to reduce the noise and heat generation of the hard disk.

1996Seagate acquired Conner Peripherals.

February 1998UDMA 66 parameters are available.

October 2000Maxtor acquires Quantum.

January 2003Hitachi announced the completion of the US$2.05 billion acquisition of the IBM hard disk business unit and the establishment of Hitachi Global Storage Technologies a> (Hitachi Global Storage Technologies, Hitachi GST).

2005Hitachi Central Storage and Seagate have both announced that they will begin to adopt disk vertical writing technology (perpendicular recording), the principle is to change the direction of the magnetic field parallel to the disc to vertical (90 degrees) to make fuller use of storage space.

December 21, 2005Seagate announced the acquisition of Maxtor.

January 2007Hitachi Global Storage Technology announced that it will sell the world's first 1Terabyte hard drive, more than a year later than the original schedule. The price of the hard drive is $399, and an average of 27.5MB of hard drive space can be purchased for every cent.

March 2011Western Digital acquired Hitachi Global Storage Technology for $4.3 billion.

April 2011Seagate announced that it has strengthened its strategic partnership with Samsung, and traditional hard drives are gradually being replaced by solid state drives.

December 2011Seagate announced the acquisition of Samsung's hard drive business.

Existing major hard drive manufacturersWestern Digital (Western Digital) and its subsidiary Qantas Global Storage (HGST)Hitachi Global Storage Technology: In 2011, it was acquired byWestern Digital and renamed Yuke Global Storage (HGST).IBM: In 2003, the hard disk division was acquired by Hitachi.

SeagateConner: Acquired by Seagate in 1996.

Maxtor: Acquired by Seagate in 2006.Quantum: In 2000, the hard drive division was acquired by Maxtor.

Samsung: In 2013, the hard disk business was acquired by Seagate.

ToshibaFujitsu: On February 18, 2009, the hard disk division was acquired by Toshiba.