一.概述
读写锁与互斥量的功能类似,对临界区的共享资源进行保护!互斥量一次只让一个线程进入临界区,读写锁比它有更高的并行性。读写锁有以下特点:
1.如果一个线程用读锁锁定了临界区,那么其他线程也可以用读锁来进入临界区,这样就可以多个线程并行操作。但这个时候,如果再进行写锁加锁就会发生阻塞,写锁请求阻塞后,后面如果继续有读锁来请求,这些后来的读锁都会被阻塞!这样避免了读锁长期占用资源,防止写锁饥饿!
2.如果一个线程用写锁锁住了临界区,那么其他线程不管是读锁还是写锁都会发生阻塞!
读写锁的优势往往展现在读操作很频繁,而写操作较少的情况下
二.函数接口
1.创建读写锁
1.1:宏常量初始化
1 pthread_rwlock_t rwlock = PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER;
1.2:函数初始化
1 #include
2
3 int pthread_rwlock_init(pthread_rwlock_t *restrict rwlock, const pthread_rwlockattr_t *restrict attr);
rwlock:读写锁的pthread_rwlock_t结构指针
attr:读写锁的属性结构指针。不需要别的属性默认为NULL。
2.读写锁加锁与解锁
1 #include
2
3 int pthread_rwlock_rdlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
4 int pthread_rwlock_wrlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
5 int pthread_rwlock_unlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
rwlock:创建的读写锁指针
3.其他类型的加锁
1 #include
2 #include
3
4
5 int pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
6 int pthread_rwlock_trywrlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
7
8 int pthread_rwlock_timedrdlock(pthread_rwlock_t *restrict rwlock, const struct timespec *restrict abs_timeout);
9 int pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock(pthread_rwlock_t *restrict rwlock, const struct timespec *restrict abs_timeout);
try类函数加锁:如果获取不到锁,会立即返回错误EBUSY!
timed类函数加锁:如果规定的时间内获取不到锁,会返回ETIMEDOUT错误!
4.销毁读写锁
#include
int pthread_rwlock_destroy(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
应用实例:
创建4个线程,2个线程读锁,2个线程写锁,观察4个线程进入临界区的顺序:
1 /**2 * * @file pthread_rwlock.c3 **/
4
5 #include
6 #include
7 #include
8 #include
9 #include
10 using namespacestd;11 /*初始化读写锁*/
12 pthread_rwlock_t rwlock =PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER;13 /*全局资源*/
14 classCSingle{15 public:16 static CSingle&instance(){17 staticCSingle single;18 returnsingle;19 }20 void setX(inty){21 this->x =y;22 }23 intgetX(){24 return this->x;25 }26 intx;27 };28 int global_num = 10;29
30 void err_exit(const char *err_msg)31 {32 printf("error:%s", err_msg);33 exit(1);34 }35
36 /*读锁线程函数*/
37 void *thread_read_lock(void *arg)38 {39 char *pthr_name = (char *)arg;40
41 while(global_num)42 {43 /*读加锁*/
44 pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);45
46 printf("线程%s进入临界区,global_num = %d, X:%d", pthr_name, global_num, CSingle::instance().getX());47 sleep(1);48 printf("线程%s离开临界区...", pthr_name);49
50 /*读解锁*/
51 pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);52
53 sleep(1);54 }55
56 returnNULL;57 }58
59 /*写锁线程函数*/
60 void *thread_write_lock(void *arg)61 {62 char *pthr_name = (char *)arg;63
64 while(global_num)65 {66 /*写加锁*/
67 pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock);68
69 /*写操作*/
70 --global_num;71 CSingle::instance().setX(global_num);72 printf("线程%s进入临界区,global_num = %d, X:%d", pthr_name, global_num, CSingle::instance().getX());73 sleep(1);74 printf("线程%s离开临界区...", pthr_name);75
76 /*写解锁*/
77 pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);78
79 sleep(2);80 }81
82 returnNULL;83 }84
85 int main(void)86 {87 pthread_t tid_read_1, tid_read_2, tid_write_1, tid_write_2;88
89 /*创建4个线程,2个读,2个写*/
90 if (pthread_create(&tid_read_1, NULL, thread_read_lock, (void *)"read_1") != 0)91 err_exit("create tid_read_1");92
93 if (pthread_create(&tid_read_2, NULL, thread_read_lock, (void *)("read_2")) != 0)94 err_exit("create tid_read_2");95
96 if (pthread_create(&tid_write_1, NULL, thread_write_lock, (void *)("write_1")) != 0)97 err_exit("create tid_write_1");98
99 if (pthread_create(&tid_write_2, NULL, thread_write_lock, (void *)("write_2")) != 0)100 err_exit("create tid_write_2");101
102 /*随便等待一个线程,防止main结束*/
103 if (pthread_join(tid_read_1, NULL) != 0)104 err_exit("pthread_join()");105 if (pthread_join(tid_read_2, NULL) != 0)106 err_exit("pthread_join()");107 if (pthread_join(tid_write_1, NULL) != 0)108 err_exit("pthread_join()");109 if (pthread_join(tid_write_2, NULL) != 0)110 err_exit("pthread_join()");111
112 return 0;113 }
linux读写锁
pthread中提供的锁有:pthread_mutex_t、pthread_spinlock_t、pthread_rwlock_t。
pthread_mutex_t是互斥锁,同一瞬间只能有一个线程能够获取锁,其他线程在等待获取锁的时候会进入休眠状态。因此pthread_mutex_t消耗的CPU资源很小,但是性能不高,因为会引起线程切换。
pthread_spinlock_t是自旋锁,同一瞬间也只能有一个线程能够获取锁,不同的是,其他线程在等待获取锁的过程中并不进入睡眠状态,而是在 CPU上进入“自旋”等待。自旋锁的性能很高,但是只适合对很小的代码段加锁(或短期持有的锁),自旋锁对CPU的占用相对较高。
pthread_rwlock_t是读写锁,同时可以有多个线程获得读锁,同时只允许有一个线程获得写锁。其他线程在等待锁的时候同样会进入睡眠。读写锁在互斥锁的基础上,允许多个线程“读”,在某些场景下能提高性能。
对于互斥锁,如果资源已经被占用,资源申请者只能进入睡眠状态。但是自旋锁不会引起调用者睡眠,如果自旋锁已经被别的执行单元保持,调用者就一直循环在那里看是否该自旋锁的保持者已经释放了锁,"自旋"一词就是因此而得名。
https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/JCPGEE/java/article/details/79377948