切尔诺贝利事故对人类健康的主要辐射效应是儿童和青少年时期甲状腺癌的增加。为了研究其分子生物学，建立了切尔诺贝利组织库，由多个政府和机构资助。自1988年开始收集生物样本，已供应给多个国际研究项目。研究表明，甲状腺癌的增长主要局限于乳头状癌，但也发现有滤泡癌的增加，暗示不同类型的甲状腺癌可能有不同的潜伏期。目前分子生物学研究未发现明显的辐射标志，患者的年龄可能比病因对乳头状癌的临床表现影响更大。
摘要：
The only unequivocal radiological effect of the Chernobyl accident on human health is the increase in thyroid cancer in those exposed in childhood or early adolescence. In response to the scientific interest in studying the molecular biology of thyroid cancer post Chernobyl, the Chernobyl Tissue Bank (CTB: www. chernobyltissuebank.com) was established. The project is supported by the governments of Ukraine and Russia, and is financially supported (US $3M) by the European Commission, the National Cancer Institute of the United States, and the Sasakawa Memorial Health Foundation of Japan. The project began collecting a variety of biological samples from patients on October 1, 1988, and has supplied material to 15 research projects in Japan, the United States, and Europe. The results from these studies so far suggest that the increase in thyroid cancer is largely confined to papillary carcinoma, but follicular cancers have also now been shown to increase, suggesting that different types of thyroid cancer may have differing latencies. Molecular biological studies have indicated that there is as yet no obvious radiation signature, and that the molecular biology of the papillary cancers which have arisen may be influenced more by the age of the patient at clinical presentation than their aetiology.
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