Origins and Early Development 起源与早期发展
1960s: Birth of TTL 1960年代:TTL的诞生
- TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) was developed in the early 1960s TTL(晶体管-晶体管逻辑)是在20世纪60年代初开发的
- Texas Instruments introduced the first commercial TTL ICs in 1964 with the 5400 series (military grade)德州仪器于1964年推出了第一款商用TTL IC 5400系列(军用级)
- The commercial 7400 series followed shortly after, establishing the numbering convention that would last decades
随后不久,商用7400系列问世,确立了持续数十年的编号惯例
Evolution of TTL Families TTL家族的演变
Original 74xx Series (Standard TTL)原装74xx系列(标准TTL)
- First widespread digital logic family 第一个广泛使用的数字逻辑家族
- 10ns gate delay, 10mW power consumption per gate 10ns门延迟,每门10mW功耗
- Operating voltage: 5V ±0.25V 工作电压:5V±0.25V
- Noise margin: ~0.4V 噪声容限:~0.4V
74Hxx (High-Speed TTL) - Late 1960s 74Hxx(高速TTL)-20世纪60年代末
- Faster: 6ns delay 更快:6ns延迟
- Higher power consumption: 22mW per gate 功耗更高:每门22mW
- Used in applications where speed was critical 用于速度至关重要的应用
74Lxx (Low-Power TTL) - Late 1960s 74Lxx(低功耗TTL)-20世纪60年代末
- Lower power: 1mW per gate 低功率:每门1mW
- Slower: 33ns delay 较慢:延迟33ns
- Offered power savings when speed wasn't critical 在速度不是关键的时候提供节能
74Sxx (Schottky TTL) - Early 1970s 74Sxx(肖特基TTL)-20世纪70年代初
- Incorporated Schottky diodes to prevent transistor saturation 内置肖特基二极管,防止晶体管饱和
- Much faster: 3ns delay 更快:3ns延迟
- Higher power: 19mW per gate 更高的功率:每门19mW
74LSxx (Low-Power Schottky) - Mid 1970s 74LSxx(低功耗肖特基)-20世纪70年代中期
- The most popular and widely used variant 最受欢迎和广泛使用的变体
- Good balance: 9ns delay, 2mW power 良好的平衡:9ns延迟,2mW功率
- Replaced standard TTL in most applications 在大多数应用中取代了标准TTL
74ASxx (Advanced Schottky) - Early 1980s 74ASxx(先进肖特基)-20世纪80年代初
- Higher performance: 1.5ns delay 更高的性能:1.5ns延迟
- Higher power: 8mW per gate 更高的功率:每门8mW
- Used in high-performance systems 用于高性能系统
74ALSxx (Advanced Low-Power Schottky) - Early 1980s 74ALSxx(先进低功耗肖特基)-20世纪80年代初
- Further improved the power-speed tradeoff 进一步改善了功率-速度折衷
- 4ns delay, 1mW power 4ns延迟,1mW功率
- Excellent balance of characteristics 出色的特性平衡
74Fxx (FAST - Fairchild Advanced Schottky TTL) - 1980s 74Fxx(FAST-飞兆半导体先进肖特基TTL)-20世纪80年代
- 3.4ns delay, 4mW power 3.4ns延迟,4mW功率
- Competitor to 74AS and 74ALS families 74AS和74ALS家族的竞争对手
Transition to CMOS and Beyond 向CMOS及更高版本的过渡
74HCxx and 74HCTxx (High-Speed CMOS) - Mid 1980s 74HCxx和74HCTxx(高速CMOS)-20世纪80年代中期
- CMOS technology with TTL pinout compatibility 具有TTL引脚兼容性的CMOS技术
- HCT variant had TTL-compatible input thresholds HCT变体具有TTL兼容的输入阈值
- Much lower power consumption, especially when static 功耗低得多,尤其是在静态时
- Led to the eventual obsolescence of TTL families 导致TTL系列最终淘汰
74ACxx and 74ACTxx (Advanced CMOS) - Late 1980s 74ACxx和74ACTxx(高级CMOS)-20世纪80年代末
- Faster CMOS versions: 3ns delay 更快的CMOS版本:3ns延迟
- Maintained TTL compatibility with lower power 保持TTL兼容性,功耗更低
74ABTxx, 74AUCxx, etc. (1990s and beyond) 74ABTxx、74AUCxx等。(1990年代及以后)
- BiCMOS and ultra-low voltage CMOS variants BiCMOS和超低压CMOS变体
- Modern replacements for legacy TTL functions 传统TTL功能的现代替代品
Legacy and Impact 遗产和影响
TTL logic families established many enduring standards: TTL逻辑家族建立了许多持久的标准:
- The 5V logic level became a standard for decades 5V逻辑电平几十年来一直是标准
- Pin assignments and functionality patterns persist in modern ICs 引脚分配和功能模式在现代IC中仍然存在
- Numbering scheme (74xx) continues to be used even in non-TTL technologies 即使在非TTL技术中也继续使用编号方案(74xx)
- Established the concept of logic families with different speed/power tradeoffs 建立了具有不同速度/功率权衡的逻辑家族的概念
Despite being largely replaced by CMOS technologies, TTL's influence on digital design remains significant, and many ICs still maintain backward compatibility with the original TTL standards.
尽管TTL在很大程度上被CMOS技术所取代,但它对数字设计的影响仍然很大,许多IC仍然保持与原始TTL标准的向后兼容性。