泛型
- 泛型会在编译为class文件后隐藏。
泛型类
能否在泛型中使用具备继承关系的类
- 使用通配符<?>,但让类型检查失去意义
- 给泛型加入上边界 ?extends E
- 给泛型加入下边界 ?super E
public static void handleMember(GenericClassExample<? super Integer> integerGenericClassExample) {
Integer result = 111 + (Integer) integerGenericClassExample.getMember();
System.out.println("result is " + result);
}
泛型接口
常用于数据类型的生产工厂接口中
public interface GenericIFactory<T,N> {
T nextObject();
N nextNumber();
}
泛型方法
有<T>
才是泛型方法
public static <T> void printArray(T[] inputArray){
for (T element : inputArray){
System.out.printf("%s", element);
System.out.printf(" ");
}
System.out.println();
}
Controller
减少Servlet的数量参照spring mvc,仅通过dispatcherServlet进行请求派发
//@WebServlet("/*")
// 两者不相同,/ 优先级最低,不会覆盖其它的url pattern
@WebServlet("/")
public class DispatcherServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
public void init(){
}
@Override
protected void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) {
System.out.println("request path is : " + req.getServletPath());
System.out.println("request method is : " + req.getMethod());
}
}
设计模式
简单工厂模式
public static Mouse createMouse(int type){
switch (type) {
case 0: return new DellMouse();
case 1: return new HpMouse();
case 2: return new LenovoMouse();
default: return new DellMouse();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Mouse mouse = MouseFactory.createMouse(1);
mouse.sayHi();
}
工厂模式
public class HpMouseFactory implements MouseFactory {
@Override
public Mouse createMouse() {
return new HpMouse();
}
}
MouseFactory mf = new HpMouseFactory();
Mouse mouse = mf.createMouse();
mouse.sayHi();
- 遵循开闭原则
- 对客户端隐藏对象创建细节
- 遵循单一职责
抽象工厂模式
提供一个创建一系列相关或相互依赖对象的接口
- 抽象工厂侧重统一产品族
- 工厂方法侧重同一产品等级
ComputerFactory cf = new HpComputerFactory();
Mouse mouse = cf.createMouse();
Keyboard keyboard = cf.createKeyboard();
mouse.sayHi();
keyboard.sayHello();
public class HpComputerFactory implements ComputerFactory {
@Override
public Mouse createMouse() {
return new HpMouse();
}
@Override
public Keyboard createKeyboard() {
return new HpKeyboard();
}
}
Spring结合了工厂模式和反射机制实现IOC容器
反射
Class类的特点
- Class类也是类的一种,class是关键字
- Class类只有一个私有的构造函数,只有JVM能创建Class类的实例
- JVM中只有唯一一个和类相应的Class对象描述其类型信息
获取Class对象
- Object getClass()
- 任何数据类型(包括基本)都有一个“静态”的class属性
- 通过Class类的静态方法 forName(String className)-常用
//第一种方式获取Class对象
ReflectTarget reflectTarget = new ReflectTarget();
Class reflectTargetClass1 = reflectTarget.getClass();
System.out.println("1st : " + reflectTargetClass1.getName());
//第二种方式获取Class对象
Class reflectTargetClass2 = ReflectTarget.class;
System.out.println("2nd: " + reflectTargetClass2.getName());
//判断第一种方式获取的class对象和第二种方式获取的是否是同一个
System.out.println(reflectTargetClass1 == reflectTargetClass2);
//第三种方式来获取Class对象
Class reflectTargetClass3 = Class.forName("demo.reflect.ReflectTarget");
System.out.println("3rd: " + reflectTargetClass3.getName());
System.out.println(reflectTargetClass2 == reflectTargetClass3);
反射操作构造函数
Class clazz = Class.forName("demo.reflect.ReflectTarget");
//1.获取所有的公有构造方法
System.out.println("**********************所有公有构造方法*********************************");
Constructor[] conArray = clazz.getConstructors();
for(Constructor c : conArray){
System.out.println(c);
}
//2.获取所有构造方法
System.out.println("************所有的构造方法(包括:私有、受保护、默认、公有)***************");
conArray = clazz.getDeclaredConstructors();
for(Constructor c : conArray){
System.out.println(c);
}
//3.获取单个带参数的公有方法
System.out.println("*****************获取公有、有两个参数的构造方法*******************************");
Constructor con = clazz.getConstructor(String.class, int.class);
System.out.println("con = " + con);
//4.获取单个私有的构造方法
System.out.println("******************获取私有构造方法*******************************");
con = clazz.getDeclaredConstructor(int.class);
System.out.println("private con = " + con);
System.out.println("******************调用私有构造方法创建实例*******************************");
//暴力访问(忽略掉访问修饰符)
con.setAccessible(true);
ReflectTarget reflectTarget = (ReflectTarget) con.newInstance(1);
反射操作成员变量
//获取Class对象
Class reflectTargetClass = Class.forName("demo.reflect.ReflectTarget");
//1.获取所有公有的字段
System.out.println("************获取所有公有的字段********************");
Field[] fieldArray = reflectTargetClass.getFields();
for (Field f : fieldArray){
System.out.println(f);
}
//2.获取所有的字段
System.out.println("************获取所有的字段(包括私有、受保护、默认的)********************");
fieldArray = reflectTargetClass.getDeclaredFields();
for (Field f : fieldArray){
System.out.println(f);
}
//3.获取单个特定公有的field
System.out.println("*************获取公有字段并调用***********************************");
Field f = reflectTargetClass.getField("name");
System.out.println("公有的field name : " + f);
ReflectTarget reflectTarget = (ReflectTarget)reflectTargetClass.getConstructor().newInstance();
//4.给获取到的field赋值
f.set(reflectTarget, "待反射一号");
//5.验证对应的值name
System.out.println("验证name : " + reflectTarget.name);
//6.获取单个私有的Field
System.out.println("**************获取私有字段targetInfo并调用********************************");
f = reflectTargetClass.getDeclaredField("targetInfo");
System.out.println(f);
f.setAccessible(true);
f.set(reflectTarget, "13810592345");
System.out.println("验证信息" + reflectTarget);
反射操作成员方法
//1、获取Class对象
Class reflectTargetClass = Class.forName("demo.reflect.ReflectTarget");
//2、获取所有公有方法
System.out.println("***************获取所有的public方法,包括父类和Object*******************");
Method[] methodArray = reflectTargetClass.getMethods();
for(Method m : methodArray){
System.out.println(m);
}
//3、获取该类的所有方法
System.out.println("***************获取所有的方法,包括私有的*******************");
methodArray = reflectTargetClass.getDeclaredMethods();
for(Method m : methodArray){
System.out.println(m);
}
//4、获取单个公有方法
System.out.println("***************获取公有的show1()方法*******************");
Method m = reflectTargetClass.getMethod("show1", String.class);
System.out.println(m);
//5、调用show1并执行
ReflectTarget reflectTarget = (ReflectTarget)reflectTargetClass.getConstructor().newInstance();
m.invoke(reflectTarget, "待反射方法一号");
//6、获取一个私有的成员方法
System.out.println("***************获取私有的show4()方法******************");
m = reflectTargetClass.getDeclaredMethod("show4", int.class);
System.out.println(m);
m.setAccessible(true);
String result = String.valueOf(m.invoke(reflectTarget, 20));
System.out.println("返回值 : " + result);
自定义注解
- 作为特定的标记,用于告诉编译器信息
- 编译时动态处理(如lombok动态生成代码)
- 运行时动态处理,作为额外信息的载体,如获取注解信息
注解分类
- 标准注解:Override、Deprecated
- 元注解:@Retention(注解的生命周期)、@Target(注解的作用目标)、@Documented(注解是否应在JavaDoc)、@Inherited(是否允许子类继承该注解)
- 用于修饰注解的注解,用在注解的定义上。
- 自定义注解
@Target({ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.METHOD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface CourseInfoAnnotation {
//课程名称
public String courseName();
//课程标签
public String courseTag();
//课程简介
public String courseProfile();
//课程序号
public int courseIndex() default 303;
}
@CourseInfoAnnotation(courseName = "剑指java面试", courseTag = "面试",
courseProfile = "不仅讲解Java相关的核心知识,还涉及网络、数据库、缓存框架等核心知识,"
+ "帮助大家构建海陆空一体化的面试护城河。"
+ "全面提升大家的内功。"
)
public class ImoocCourse {
@PersonInfoAnnotation(name = "翔仔", language = {"Java","C++","Go","Python","PHP","JS"})
private String author;
@CourseInfoAnnotation(courseName = "校园商铺",
courseTag = "实战",
courseProfile = "手把手教会从前端到后端开发多店铺商铺管理系统,"
+ "可以用在毕设创业中,学习完会对SSM以及Springboot有一个"
+ "全面的了解",
courseIndex = 144)
public void getCourseInfo() {
}
}
//解析类的注解
public static void parseTypeAnnotation() throws ClassNotFoundException {
Class clazz = Class.forName("demo.annotation.ImoocCourse");
//这里获取的是class对象的注解,而不是其里面的方法和成员变量的注解
Annotation[] annotations = clazz.getAnnotations();
for(Annotation annotation : annotations){
CourseInfoAnnotation courseInfoAnnotation = (CourseInfoAnnotation) annotation;
System.out.println("课程名:" + courseInfoAnnotation.courseName() + "\n" +
"课程标签:" + courseInfoAnnotation.courseTag() + "\n" +
"课程简介:" + courseInfoAnnotation.courseProfile() + "\n" +
"课程序号:" + courseInfoAnnotation.courseIndex() );
}
}
//解析成员变量上的标签
public static void parseFieldAnnotation() throws ClassNotFoundException {
Class clazz = Class.forName("demo.annotation.ImoocCourse");
Field[] fields = clazz.getDeclaredFields();
for(Field f : fields){
//判断成员变量中是否有指定注解类型的注解
boolean hasAnnotation = f.isAnnotationPresent(PersonInfoAnnotation.class);
if(hasAnnotation){
PersonInfoAnnotation personInfoAnnotation = f.getAnnotation(PersonInfoAnnotation.class);
System.out.println("名字:" + personInfoAnnotation.name() + "\n" +
"年龄:" + personInfoAnnotation.age() + "\n" +
"性别:" + personInfoAnnotation.gender() + "\n");
for(String language : personInfoAnnotation.language()){
System.out.println("开发语言:" + language);
}
}
}
}
//解析方法注解
public static void parseMethodAnnotation() throws ClassNotFoundException{
Class clazz = Class.forName("demo.annotation.ImoocCourse");
Method[] methods = clazz.getDeclaredMethods();
for (Method method : methods) {
/*
* 判断方法中是否有指定注解类型的注解
*/
boolean hasAnnotation = method.isAnnotationPresent(CourseInfoAnnotation.class);
if(hasAnnotation){
CourseInfoAnnotation courseInfoAnnotation = method.getAnnotation(CourseInfoAnnotation.class);
System.out.println("课程名:" + courseInfoAnnotation.courseName() + "\n" +
"课程标签:" + courseInfoAnnotation.courseTag() + "\n" +
"课程简介:" + courseInfoAnnotation.courseProfile() + "\n"+
"课程序号:" + courseInfoAnnotation .courseIndex() + "\n");
}
}
}
这里为什么能在注解中获取属性值呢?
- java中万物皆对象,JVM会为注解生成代理对象。(修改启动参数,记录中间对象)-jdk动态代理
VM options添加: -Djdk.proxy.ProxyGenerator.saveGeneratedFiles=true
或者 System.getProperties().put("sun.misc.ProxyGenerator.saveGeneratedFiles", "true");
-XX:+TraceClassLoading (跟踪类加载)
这时我们可以观察到
// 注解也是一个接口,$Proxy1时JDK动态生成的
public final class $Proxy1 extends Proxy implements PersonInfoAnnotation {
private static Method m1;
private static Method m4;
private static Method m3;
private static Method m2;
private static Method m6;
private static Method m5;
private static Method m7;
private static Method m0;
public $Proxy1(InvocationHandler var1) throws {
// InvocationHandler 中有个invoke(不是反射的)它是个接口
// 实现类为AnnotationInvocationHandler
super(var1);
}
public final boolean equals(Object var1) throws {
try {
return ((Boolean)super.h.invoke(this, m1, new Object[]{var1})).booleanValue();
} catch (RuntimeException | Error var3) {
throw var3;
} catch (Throwable var4) {
throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(var4);
}
}
// 返回值类型与属性定义一致
public final String[] language() throws {
try {
return (String[])super.h.invoke(this, m4, (Object[])null);
} catch (RuntimeException | Error var2) {
throw var2;
} catch (Throwable var3) {
throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(var3);
}
}
public final String name() throws {
try {
return (String)super.h.invoke(this, m3, (Object[])null);
} catch (RuntimeException | Error var2) {
throw var2;
} catch (Throwable var3) {
throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(var3);
}
}
public final String toString() throws {
try {
return (String)super.h.invoke(this, m2, (Object[])null);
} catch (RuntimeException | Error var2) {
throw var2;
} catch (Throwable var3) {
throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(var3);
}
}
public final String gender() throws {
try {
return (String)super.h.invoke(this, m6, (Object[])null);
} catch (RuntimeException | Error var2) {
throw var2;
} catch (Throwable var3) {
throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(var3);
}
}
public final int age() throws {
try {
return ((Integer)super.h.invoke(this, m5, (Object[])null)).intValue();
} catch (RuntimeException | Error var2) {
throw var2;
} catch (Throwable var3) {
throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(var3);
}
}
public final Class annotationType() throws {
try {
return (Class)super.h.invoke(this, m7, (Object[])null);
} catch (RuntimeException | Error var2) {
throw var2;
} catch (Throwable var3) {
throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(var3);
}
}
public final int hashCode() throws {
try {
return ((Integer)super.h.invoke(this, m0, (Object[])null)).intValue();
} catch (RuntimeException | Error var2) {
throw var2;
} catch (Throwable var3) {
throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(var3);
}
}
static {
try {
// PersonInfoAnnotation的属性名都在这啦~
m1 = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getMethod("equals", new Class[]{Class.forName("java.lang.Object")});
m4 = Class.forName("demo.annotation.PersonInfoAnnotation").getMethod("language", new Class[0]);
m3 = Class.forName("demo.annotation.PersonInfoAnnotation").getMethod("name", new Class[0]);
m2 = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getMethod("toString", new Class[0]);
m6 = Class.forName("demo.annotation.PersonInfoAnnotation").getMethod("gender", new Class[0]);
m5 = Class.forName("demo.annotation.PersonInfoAnnotation").getMethod("age", new Class[0]);
m7 = Class.forName("demo.annotation.PersonInfoAnnotation").getMethod("annotationType", new Class[0]);
m0 = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getMethod("hashCode", new Class[0]);
} catch (NoSuchMethodException var2) {
throw new NoSuchMethodError(var2.getMessage());
} catch (ClassNotFoundException var3) {
throw new NoClassDefFoundError(var3.getMessage());
}
}
}
注解的工作原理
- 通过键值对的形式为注解属性赋值
- 编译器检查注解的使用范围,将注解信息写入到元素属性表
- 运行时JVM将RUNTIME的所有注解属性取出并最终存入map
- 创建AnnotationInvocationHandler实例并传入前面的map
- JVM使用JDK动态代理为注解生成代理类,初始化处理器
- 调用invoke,通过传入方法名返回注解对应属性值