本文详细介绍如何搭建Heartbeat集群实现服务高可用，包括环境准备、SSH互信设置、NFS配置、Heartbeat安装与配置等步骤。
一、Heartbeat原理介绍
二、环境准备
1、拓扑结构图
2、服务器准备
| 服务器名称 | IP | 服务 | 系统 |
| node1.wzlinux.com | VIP:192.168.0.18 eht0:192.168.0.10 | HTTP、Heartbeat | CentOS 6.4 32位 |
| node2.wzlinux.com | VIP:192.168.0.18 eht0:192.168.0.11 | HTTP、Heartbeat | CentOS 6.4 32位 |
| nfs.wzlinux.com | eth0:192.168.0.12 | NFS | CentOS 6.4 32位 |
注：请提前关闭防火墙和SELinux，设定好时间同步，因为SELinux会影响web的启动。
3、设定hosts文件
请在两台高可用设备hosts文件添加如下内容
192.168.0.10 node1.wzlinux.com node1 192.168.0.11 node2.wzlinux.com node2
4、设定双机SSH互信
node1
ssh-keygen -t rsa -P '' ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@node2.wzlinux.com
node2
ssh-keygen -t rsa -P '' ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub root@node1.wzlinux.com
5、准备好服务
提前准备好两台高可用服务的WEB服务，准备好NFS服务，并且挂载配置好，这里不再进行演示，如有需求请点击查看文章 NFS配置 ，我简单演示一下nfs的创建。
在nfs服务器上面操作
mkdir /web echo "The Web in the NFS" >/web/index.html #cat /etc/exports /web 192.168.0.0/24(rw,no_root_squash) service nfs start
分别在node1和node2上面进行挂载
mount -t nfs 192.168.0.12:/web /vaw/www/html
然后分别启动web服务，请一定要关闭SELinux。
分别访问192.168.0.10和192.168.0.11查看，如果都出现The Web in the NFS，证明我们的WEB服务已经搭建好了，下面就是配置Heartbeat的时候了。
三、Heartbeat的安装
1、软件安装
请大家提前安装好epel，然后通过yum进行安装
yum install heartbeat -y
2、查看生产的文件
rpm -ql heartbeat
/etc/ha.d /etc/ha.d/README.config …… …… /usr/share/doc/heartbeat-3.0.4/README /usr/share/doc/heartbeat-3.0.4/apphbd.cf /usr/share/doc/heartbeat-3.0.4/authkeys #认证文件 /usr/share/doc/heartbeat-3.0.4/ha.cf #主配置文件，心跳 /usr/share/doc/heartbeat-3.0.4/haresources #资源配置文件，CRM /usr/share/heartbeat /usr/share/heartbeat/BasicSanityCheck …… ……
四、Heartbeat的配置
我们选用的是heartbeat v1，主要有三个配置文件ha.cf、haresources、authkeys。
这三个文件默认没有在其配置目录，我们需要手动把它们复制进/etc/ha.d目录下面，authkeys需要权限设定为600，这三个配置文件在node1和node2上面一样，配置好一端传输到另一端即可。
cp -p /usr/share/doc/heartbeat-3.0.4/{authkeys,ha.cf,haresources} /etc/ha.d/
1、ha.cf主配置文件
#
# There are lots of options in this file. All you have to have is a set
# of nodes listed {"node ...} one of {serial, bcast, mcast, or ucast},
# and a value for "auto_failback".
#
# ATTENTION: As the configuration file is read line by line,
# THE ORDER OF DIRECTIVE MATTERS!
#
# In particular, make sure that the udpport, serial baud rate
# etc. are set before the heartbeat media are defined!
# debug and log file directives go into effect when they
# are encountered.
#
# All will be fine if you keep them ordered as in this example.
#
#
# Note on logging:
# If all of debugfile, logfile and logfacility are not defined,
# logging is the same as use_logd yes. In other case, they are
# respectively effective. if detering the logging to syslog,
# logfacility must be "none".
#
# File to write debug messages to
#debugfile /var/log/ha-debug #调试日志文件
#
#
# File to write other messages to
#
logfile /var/log/ha-log #系统运行日志文件
#
#
# Facility to use for syslog()/logger
#
#logfacility local0
#
#
# A note on specifying "how long" times below...
#
# The default time unit is seconds
# 10 means ten seconds
#
# You can also specify them in milliseconds
# 1500ms means 1.5 seconds
#
#
# keepalive: how long between heartbeats?
#
keepalive 2 #心跳频率，2表示2秒；200ms则表示200毫秒，表示多久发生一次心跳
#
# deadtime: how long-to-declare-host-dead?
#
# If you set this too low you will get the problematic
# split-brain (or cluster partition) problem.
# See the FAQ for how to use warntime to tune deadtime.
#
deadtime 30 #节点死亡时间，就是过了30秒后还没有收到心跳就认为主节点死亡
#
# warntime: how long before issuing "late heartbeat" warning?
# See the FAQ for how to use warntime to tune deadtime.
#
warntime 10 #告警时间，10秒钟没有收到心跳则写一条警告到日志
#
#
# Very first dead time (initdead)
#
# On some machines/OSes, etc. the network takes a while to come up
# and start working right after you've been rebooted. As a result
# we have a separate dead time for when things first come up.
# It should be at least twice the normal dead time.
#
initdead 120 #初始化时间
#
#
# What UDP port to use for bcast/ucast communication?
#
udpport 694 #心跳信息传递的udp端口
#
# Baud rate for serial ports...
#
#baud 19200 #串行端口传输速率
#
# serial serialportname ...
#serial /dev/ttyS0 # Linux
#serial /dev/cuaa0 # FreeBSD
#serial /dev/cuad0 # FreeBSD 6.x
#serial /dev/cua/a # Solaris
#
#
# What interfaces to broadcast heartbeats over?
#
#bcast eth0 # Linux
#bcast eth1 eth2 # Linux
#bcast le0 # Solaris
#bcast le1 le2 # Solaris
#
# Set up a multicast heartbeat medium
# mcast [dev] [mcast group] [port] [ttl] [loop]
#
# [dev] device to send/rcv heartbeats on
# [mcast group] multicast group to join (class D multicast address
# 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255)
# [port] udp port to sendto/rcvfrom (set this value to the
# same value as "udpport" above)
# [ttl] the ttl value for outbound heartbeats. this effects
# how far the multicast packet will propagate. (0-255)
# Must be greater than zero.
# [loop] toggles loopback for outbound multicast heartbeats.
# if enabled, an outbound packet will be looped back and
# received by the interface it was sent on. (0 or 1)
# Set this value to zero.
#
#
mcast eth0 225.0.18.1 694 1 0 #通过eth0多播传输心跳
#
# Set up a unicast / udp heartbeat medium
# ucast [dev] [peer-ip-addr]
#
# [dev] device to send/rcv heartbeats on
# [peer-ip-addr] IP address of peer to send packets to
#
#ucast eth0 192.168.1.2
#
#
# About boolean values...
#
# Any of the following case-insensitive values will work for true:
# true, on, yes, y, 1
# Any of the following case-insensitive values will work for false:
# false, off, no, n, 0
#
#
#
# auto_failback: determines whether a resource will
# automatically fail back to its "primary" node, or remain
# on whatever node is serving it until that node fails, or
# an administrator intervenes.
#
# The possible values for auto_failback are:
# on - enable automatic failbacks
# off - disable automatic failbacks
# legacy - enable automatic failbacks in systems
# where all nodes do not yet support
# the auto_failback option.
#
# auto_failback "on" and "off" are backwards compatible with the old
# "nice_failback on" setting.
#
# See the FAQ for information on how to convert
# from "legacy" to "on" without a flash cut.
# (i.e., using a "rolling upgrade" process)
#
# The default value for auto_failback is "legacy", which
# will issue a warning at startup. So, make sure you put
# an auto_failback directive in your ha.cf file.
# (note: auto_failback can be any boolean or "legacy")
#
auto_failback on #当主节点恢复时，资源重新回到主节点
#
#
# Basic STONITH support
# Using this directive assumes that there is one stonith
# device in the cluster. Parameters to this device are
# read from a configuration file. The format of this line is:
#
# stonith <stonith_type> <configfile>
#
# NOTE: it is up to you to maintain this file on each node in the
# cluster!
#
#stonith baytech /etc/ha.d/conf/stonith.baytech
#
# STONITH support
# You can configure multiple stonith devices using this directive.
# The format of the line is:
# stonith_host <hostfrom> <stonith_type> <params...>
# <hostfrom> is the machine the stonith device is attached
# to or * to mean it is accessible from any host.
# <stonith_type> is the type of stonith device (a list of
# supported drives is in /usr/lib/stonith.)
# <params...> are driver specific parameters. To see the
# format for a particular device, run:
# stonith -l -t <stonith_type>
#
#
# Note that if you put your stonith device access information in
# here, and you make this file publically readable, you're asking
# for a denial of service attack ;-)
#
# To get a list of supported stonith devices, run
# stonith -L
# For detailed information on which stonith devices are supported
# and their detailed configuration options, run this command:
# stonith -h
#
#stonith_host * baytech 10.0.0.3 mylogin mysecretpassword
#stonith_host ken3 rps10 /dev/ttyS1 kathy 0
#stonith_host kathy rps10 /dev/ttyS1 ken3 0
#
# Watchdog is the watchdog timer. If our own heart doesn't beat for
# a minute, then our machine will reboot.
# NOTE: If you are using the software watchdog, you very likely
# wish to load the module with the parameter "nowayout=0" or
# compile it without CONFIG_WATCHDOG_NOWAYOUT set. Otherwise even
# an orderly shutdown of heartbeat will trigger a reboot, which is
# very likely NOT what you want.
#
#watchdog /dev/watchdog
#
# Tell what machines are in the cluster
# node nodename ... -- must match uname -n
#node ken3
#node kathy
node node1.wzlinux.com #主节点名称，与uname -n显示必须一致
node node2.wzlinux.com #备节点名称，与uname -n显示必须一致
#
# Less common options...
#
# Treats 10.10.10.254 as a psuedo-cluster-member
# Used together with ipfail below...
# note: don't use a cluster node as ping node
#
ping 192.168.0.1 #通过ping网关来监测心跳是否正常
#
# Treats 10.10.10.254 and 10.10.10.253 as a psuedo-cluster-member
# called group1. If either 10.10.10.254 or 10.10.10.253 are up
# then group1 is up
# Used together with ipfail below...
…… ……
2、authkeys认证文件
为了安全起见，并不是所有加入集群，加入多播的设备就可以传递心跳，还需要对彼此对方进行身份验证，这个验证文件的权限必须是600，文件内容如下：
# # Authentication file. Must be mode 600 # # # Must have exactly one auth directive at the front. # auth send authentication using this method-id # # Then, list the method and key that go with that method-id # # Available methods: crc sha1, md5. Crc doesn't need/want a key. # # You normally only have one authentication method-id listed in this file # # Put more than one to make a smooth transition when changing auth # methods and/or keys. # # # sha1 is believed to be the "best", md5 next best. # # crc adds no security, except from packet corruption. # Use only on physically secure networks. # auth 2 #1 crc 2 sha1 Om8iO0DPnNMJ7OpQjdxBaQ #3 md5 Hello!
sha1后面的字符串可以随便填写，我这里是取得随机数，命令如下为openssl rand -base64 16
3、haresources资源配置文件
这个文件是用来配置资源的，比如VIP，WEB服务，磁盘挂载等等，我们在文件最后添加我们配置的资源。
…… …… #------------------------------------------------------------------- # # Simple case: One service address, default subnet and netmask # No servers that go up and down with the IP address # #just.linux-ha.org 135.9.216.110 # #------------------------------------------------------------------- # # Assuming the adminstrative addresses are on the same subnet... # A little more complex case: One service address, default subnet # and netmask, and you want to start and stop http when you get # the IP address... # #just.linux-ha.org 135.9.216.110 http #------------------------------------------------------------------- # # A little more complex case: Three service addresses, default subnet # and netmask, and you want to start and stop http when you get # the IP address... # #just.linux-ha.org 135.9.216.110 135.9.215.111 135.9.216.112 httpd #------------------------------------------------------------------- # # One service address, with the subnet, interface and bcast addr # explicitly defined. # #just.linux-ha.org 135.9.216.3/28/eth0/135.9.216.12 httpd # #------------------------------------------------------------------- # # An example where a shared filesystem is to be used. # Note that multiple aguments are passed to this script using # the delimiter '::' to separate each argument. # #node1 10.0.0.170 Filesystem::/dev/sda1::/data1::ext2 # # Regarding the node-names in this file: # # They must match the names of the nodes listed in ha.cf, which in turn # must match the `uname -n` of some node in the cluster. So they aren't # virtual in any sense of the word. # node1.wzlinux.com IPaddr::192.168.0.18/24/eth0 httpd Filesystem::192.168.0.12:/web::/var/www/html::nfs
其中192.168.0.18是VIP，后面代表磁盘的挂载情况。
五、服务启动及检测
1、服务启动
分别在node1和node2上面执行以下命令
service heartbeat start
2、查看启动日志
# cat /var/log
node1
node2
从日志文件我们可以看出详细的启动过程，包括各种资源的启动，心跳的传播，如果显示的内容和我截图的内容差不多，没有什么ERROR的项目输出，就证明我们的服务启动成功了。
3、检验服务的高可用
在node1上面我们可以查看VIP、NFS、Httpd是否全部起来来进一步验证
验证VIP
验证NFS是否挂载成功
验证WEB服务是否启动
在客户端浏览器中输入http://192.168.0.18，如显示一下内容证明服务正常运行
接着我们手动把node1调为备节点，看看现实是否变化，如果没有变化证明一切正常。
/usr/share/heartbeat/hb_standby #调整节点为备节点
调为备几点之后，客户端并没有发现变化，其实资源都已经转移到node2节点上面运行，我们可以查看日志内容了解转移过程。
node1:
node2
如果想要手动把资源接管回来可以使用命令/usr/share/heartbeat/hb_takeover。
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