Ear Training for Critical Listening with Pink Noise

本文提供了一种简单方法帮助您进行客观听觉训练,通过聆听粉红噪声来快速了解耳机特性,提高评价音频设备的能力。通过下载包含不同均衡调整的粉红噪声文件,您将能够识别频率响应的细微差异,进而更好地欣赏音乐。

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“All of life is a dispute over taste and tasting.” – Friedrich Nietzsche

The raging debate over objective (everything is measurable) versus subjective (only the listening experience counts) theories of audio evaluation will, no doubt, rage on. The rational among us will carefully choose bits of wisdom from both sides as we develop our ability to critically evaluate audio gear, and then hopefully learn the the most important lesson of all: when the evaluating is done, just relax and enjoy the music.

In this post I’d like to provide you with a simple tool to help you get some objective ear training.


First, let me admit that though I like to measure stuff, I do believe there is a significant limit to what the measurements will tell you. Measurements can tell you if one headphone has more bass or treble than another, for example, but they can’t really tell you much about how lush, or airy a particular headphone sounds. There is really only one way to know what something sounds like, and that is to listen to it. Critical listening is a skill, however, and your listening skills can be improved with practice to become a bit more grounded and objective.

My favorite way to quickly get a read on the character of a pair of headphones is to listen to pink noise. Pink noise is a type of noise know also as 1/f noise. It has equal amounts of energy in each octave. When you listen to pink noise it should be a very smooth sounding wash of noise. No particular frequency or range of frequencies should be more noticeable than any other; nor should there be any apparent gaps or missing frequency ranges. If you do hear one range of frequencies more strongly than another it means that somewhere in the reproduction chain some frequencies are being emphasized, and since electronics will only modify the noise slightly any anomalies that you are able to easily hear are most likely from the speakers or headphones. It’s also worth noting that it is much easier to hear frequencies that are being emphasized than it is to hear frequencies that are de-emphasized or missing.

The biggest difficulty when training yourself to listen for errors in pink noise is that no audio system is perfect, and therefore any system you listen to with pink noise will have some errors. Fortunately, with enough experience, you will easily be able to imagine what perfect pink noise would sound like even if you’ve never heard it, and will be able to hear any frequencies altered.

To help you improve your critical listening skills, I’ve created a set of pink noise tracks that you can burn to a cd. (You can download a .pdf of the track list here.) The first two tracks are straight pink noise without any modification. The remaining tracks all have modifications to the equalization of the noise that you should be able to hear fairly easily. After you’ve been through the disc a few times, put your cd player on random play and then try to identify the tracks by ear. I think you will be surprised at how quickly you will be able to identify the artifacts in eq, and at how much better you will be able to identify the sonic characteristics of gear you are evaluating by using the long pink noise in track one in your evaluations.

Here are some examples of tracks from the disc. Please note, the sample tracks here are 320kbs mp3 files and are compressed, they may therefore have some artifacts that make it slightly more difficult to hear the artifacts that are being highlighted. The files on the download that you can burn to a CD are wav files and are not compressed and should demonstrate the artifacts somewhat more clearly:

Sample Tracks(Click the image to hear track.)

EQ Flat

Pink Noise Flat, no EQ.

Pink Noise with the high frequencies boosted.

Pink Noise with the high frequencies boosted.

Pink Noise with the lows boosted.

Pink Noise with the lows boosted.

Pink Noise with a boost in the mids.

Pink Noise with a boost in the mids.

Pink Noise with a cut (or notch) in the mids.

Pink Noise with a cut (or notch) in the mids.

Okie dokie! If you are still interested in some ear training, just download the Ear Training Disc Files. CAUTION: This is a BIG! 11GB .zip file that includes all 26 tracks as .wav files, and includes the track list as a Word document. Once downloaded, you will need to unzip it, and then burn the .wav tracks to a music CD.

If you find you’ve enjoyed this training, you might enjoy “The Golden Ears Audio Eartraining Program” by KIQ Productions which is similar in concept to the pink noise tests I’ve provided here, but includes examples and exercises in identifying: the effect of compression and fast and slow compressor release times; equalization problems; ranges of 1 – 10% and 10 – 30% Total Harmonic Distortion; anomalies in the stereo image (reverse image, mono summation, polarity reversal, pseudo-stereo etc.); channel-to-channel time differences; gated and ungated reverb; 1/3 octave changes and double octave cuts and boosts; and much more.

资源下载链接为: https://pan.quark.cn/s/9e7ef05254f8 在苹果的生态系统中,IAP(应用内购买)是苹果应用商店(App Store)中应用开发者常采用的一种盈利模式,允许用户在应用内直接购买虚拟商品或服务。苹果为开发者提供了一份详细的人民币(CNY)IAP定价表,这份定价表具有以下特点: 价格分级:定价表由多个价格等级组成,开发者可根据虚拟商品的价值选择相应等级,等级越高,价格越高。例如,低等级可能对应基础功能解锁,高等级则对应高级服务或大量虚拟道具。 税收与分成:苹果会从应用内购买金额中抽取30%作为服务费或佣金,这是苹果生态的固定规则。不过,开发者实际到手的收入会因不同国家和地区的税收政策而有所变化,但定价表中的价格等级本身是固定的,便于开发者统一管理。 多级定价策略:通过设置不同价格等级,开发者可以根据商品或服务的类型与价值进行合理定价,以满足不同消费能力的用户需求,从而最大化应用的总收入。例如,一款游戏可以通过设置不同等级的虚拟货币包,吸引不同付费意愿的玩家。 特殊等级:除了标准等级外,定价表还包含备用等级和特殊等级(如备用等级A、备用等级B等),这些等级可能是为应对特殊情况或促销活动而设置的额外价格点,为开发者提供了更灵活的定价选择。 苹果IAP定价表是开发者设计应用内购机制的重要参考。它不仅为开发者提供了标准的收入分成模型,还允许开发者根据产品特性设定价格等级,以适应市场和满足不同用户需求。同时,开发者在使用定价表时,还需严格遵守苹果的《App Store审查指南》,包括30%的分成政策、使用苹果支付接口、提供清晰的产品描述和定价信息等。苹果对应用内交易有严格规定,以确保交易的透明性和安全性。总之,苹果IAP定价表是开发者在应用内购设计中不可或缺的工具,但开发者也需密切关注苹果政策变化,以确保应用的合规运营和收益最大化。
资源下载链接为: https://pan.quark.cn/s/032795b7064d 重要更新:models 已更新为由主办方提供图片制作的图像识别板。若使用过旧版本 ucar_sim 包的仿真,需重新执行使用方法中的步骤 3。world 文件夹下的 arena-1、arena-2、arena-3 分别对应三套仿真比赛场景,图像识别板位置参考赛前会议抽取的三套摆放位置,但图像内容组合未参考比赛题库组合(详见抽取结果.pdf 及 img-folder)。 图像使用说明:仿真场地中,采用与终点地块相同图样的地块标记随机图像板和固定图像板位置,详细坐标区域信息需参考抽取结果.pdf 和 img-folder/map.png。 使用方法:将 ucar_sim 包复制到工作空间 src 目录;先执行 catkin_make 编译,再运行 source ~/.bashrc 或 devel/setup.bash;为防止启动时编码报错,需修改 python2 默认编码,解决方案:打开终端输入指令(使用 anaconda 需定位虚拟环境),找到 setencoding () 函数,将第一个 encoding 改为 "utf-8",重启电脑;将 ucar_sim 包中 models 文件夹内所有内容复制到.gazebo/models 下(.gazebo 为隐藏文件,若无 models 文件夹需自行创建),前提:未打开过 gazebo 的用户需先在终端输入 gazebo 运行一次。 运行比赛仿真时,若终端出现 “Gazebo [Err] [REST.cc:205] Error in REST request”,解决方法:打开终端,用 url: https://api.ignitionrobotics.org替换原 url: https://api.ignitionfuel.org 。 Pac
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