iOS开发-文件管理

iOS开发-文件管理(一)

一、iOS中的沙盒机制

  • iOS应用程序只能对自己创建的文件系统读取文件,这个独立、封闭、安全的空间,叫做沙盒。它一般存放着程序包文件(可执行文件)、图片、音频、视频、plist文件、sqlite数据库以及其他文件。

  • 每个应用程序都有自己的独立的存储空间(沙盒)

  • 一般来说应用程序之间是不可以互相访问

模拟器沙盒的位置

/User/userName/Library/Application Support/iPhone Simulator

当我们创建应用程序时,在每个沙盒中含有三个文件,分别是Document、Library和temp。

  • Document:一般需要持久的数据都放在此目录中,可以在当中添加子文件夹,iTunes备份和恢复的时候,会包括此目录。

  • Library:设置程序的默认设置和其他状态信息

  • temp:创建临时文件的目录,当iOS设备重启时,文件会被自动清除


获取沙盒目录

  • 获取程序的根目录(home)目录

NSString *homePath = NSHomeDirectory()

  • 获取Document目录

NSArray *paths =NSSearchPathDorDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDicrectory,NSUserDomainMark,YES);                                                                           

NSString *docPath = [paths lastObject];

  • 获取Library目录

NSArray *paths = NSSearchPathForDirectoriseInDomains(NSLibraryDirectory, NSUserDomainMask, YES);                                                                                   NSString *docPath = [paths lastObject];   

  • 获取Library中的Cache

NSArray *paths =NSSearchPathForDirectoriseInDomains(NSCachesDirectory,NSUserDomainMask,YES);                                                                                   NSString *docPath = [paths lastObject];

  • 获取temp路径

NSString *temp = NSTemporaryDirectory( );


二、NSString类路径的处理方法

文件路径的处理

NSString *path = @"/Uesrs/apple/testfile.txt"

  • 常用方法如下

获得组成此路径的各个组成部分,结果:("/","User","apple","testfile.txt")

- (NSArray *)pathComponents;

提取路径的最后一个组成部分,结果:testfile.txt

- (NSString *)lastPathComponent;

删除路径的最后一个组成部分,结果:/Users/apple

- (NSString *)stringByDeletingLastPathCpmponent;

将path添加到先邮路径的末尾,结果:/Users/apple/testfile.txt/app.txt

- (NSString *)stringByAppendingPathConmponent:(NSString *)str;

去路径最后部分的扩展名,结果:text

- (NSString *)pathExtension;

删除路径最后部分的扩展名,结果:/Users/apple/testfile

- (NSString *)stringByDeletingPathExtension;

路径最后部分追加扩展名,结果:/User/apple/testfile.txt.jpg

- (NSString *)stringByAppendingPathExtension:(NSString *)str;


三、NSData

  • NSData是用来包装数据的

  • NSData存储的是二进制数据,屏蔽了数据之间的差异,文本、音频、图像等数据都可用NSData来存储

NSData的用法

1.NSString与NSData互相转换

NSData-> NSString                                                                                     

NSString *aString = [[NSString alloc] initWithData:adataencoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];

NSString->NSData                                                                                      

NSString *aString = @"1234abcd";
NSData *aData = [aString dataUsingEncoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding]; 

将data类型的数据,转成UTF8的数据

+(NSString *)dataToUTF8String:(NSData *)data
{
NSString *buf = [[NSString alloc] initWithData:data encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
return [buf autorelease];
}

将string转换为指定编码 
+(NSString *)changeDataToEncodinString:(NSData *)data encodin:(NSStringEncoding )encodin

{
    NSString *buf = [[[NSString alloc] initWithData:data encoding:encodin] autorelease];
    return buf;
}

2. NSData 与 UIImage
NSData->UIImage
UIImage *aimage = [UIImage imageWithData: imageData];
 
//例:从本地文件沙盒中取图片并转换为NSData
NSString *path = [[NSBundle mainBundle] bundlePath];
NSString *name = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"ceshi.png"];
NSString *finalPath = [path stringByAppendingPathComponent:name];
NSData *imageData = [NSData dataWithContentsOfFile: finalPath];
UIImage *aimage = [UIImage imageWithData: imageData];

3.NSData与NSArray  NSDictionary

+(NSString *)getLocalFilePath:(NSString *) fileName
{
return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@/%@%@", NSHomeDirectory(),@“Documents”,fileName];
}

包括将NSData写进Documents目录
从Documents目录读取数据
在进行网络数据通信的时候,经常会遇到NSData类型的数据。在该数据是dictionary结构的情况下,系统没有提供现成的转换成NSDictionary的方法,为此可以通过Category对NSDictionary进行扩展,以支持从NSData到NSDictionary的转换。声明和实现如下:

 
+ (NSDictionary *)dictionaryWithContentsOfData:(NSData *)data 

{     
    CFPropertyListRef list = CFPropertyListCreateFromXMLData(kCFAllocatorDefault, (CFDataRef)data, kCFPropertyListImmutable, NULL);
    if(list == nil) return nil; 
    if ([(id)list isKindOfClass:[NSDictionary class]])

 { 
         return [(NSDictionary *)list autorelease]; 
        } 
    else { 
         CFRelease(list); 
         return nil; 
        } 
}


四、文件管理常用方法

NSFileManager

创建一个文件并写入数据

- (BOOL)createFileAtPath:(NSString *)path contents:(NSData *)data attributes:(NSDictionary *)attr;

从一个文件中读取数据

- (NSData *)contentsAtPath:(NSString *)path;

scrPath路径上的文件移动到dstPath路径上,注意这里的路径是文件路径而不是目录         

 - (BOOL)moveItemAtPath:(NSString *)srcPath toPath:(NSString *)dstPath error:(NSError **) error;

scrPath路径上的文件复制到dstPath路径上                                                            

- (BOOL)copyItemAtPath:(NSString *)scrPath toPath:(NSString *)dstPath error:(NSError **) error;

比较两个文件的内容是否一样                                                                               

- (BOOL)contentsEqualAtPath:(NSString *)path1 andPath:(NSString *)path2;

文件时候存在                                                                                                  

- (BOOL)fileExistsAtPath:(NSString *)path;

移除文件                                                                                                        

- (BOOL)removeItemAtPath:(NSString *)path error:(NSError **) error;


创建文件管理

NSFileManager *fileManager = [NSFileManager defaultManager];                          

NSString *path = [NSHomeDirectory( )  stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"holyBible.txt"];                                                                                                     

NSString *text = @"abcdefg"; 

将字符串转成NSData类型                                                                                 

NSData *data = [text dataUsingEncoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding]; 

写入文件                                                                                                       

BOOL success = [fileManager createFileAtPath:path contents:data attributes:nil];


创建文件夹 

NSString *filePath = [path stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"holyBible.txt"];     

NSString *contect = @"abcdefg";                                                                     

BOOL success = [fm createFileAtPath:filePath contents:[content dataUsingEncoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding] attributes:nil];


NSFileManager-读取内容                                                                                 

NSData *fileData = [fileManager contentsAtPath:filePath];                                   

NSString *content = [[NSString alloc] initWithData:fileData dataUsingEncoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding];

NSData-读取内容                                                                                          

NSString *filePath = [path stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"holyBible.txt"];     

NSData *data = [NSData dataWithContentOfFile:filePath];

NSString-读取内容                                                                                         

NSString *filePath = [path stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"holyBible.txt"];     

NSString *content = [[NSString stringWithContentsOfFile:filePath encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding error:nil];

移动、复制文件                                                                                             

移动文件(重命名)                                                                                         

NSString *toPath = [NSHomeDirectory( ) stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"hellogod/NewTestament.txt"];                                                                              

[fm createDirectoryAtPath:[toPath stringByDeletingLastPathComponent] withIntermediateDirectories:YES attributes:nil error:nil];                                                   

NSError *error;                                                                                             

BOOL isSuccess = [fm moveItemAtPath:filePath toPath:toPath error:&error];

复制文件(重命名)                                                                                         

NSString *copyPath = [NSHomeDirectory( ) stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"备份/Old Testament.txt"];                                                                                  

[fm createDirectoryAtPath:[toPath stringByDeletingLastPathComponent] withIntermediateDirectories:YES attributes:nil error:nil];                                                   

BOOL success = [fm copyItemAtPath:toPath toPath:toPath error:nil];

删除文件、获取文件大小

判断文件是否存在和删除文件                                                                               

if([fm fileExistsAtPath])                                                                                    

 {                                                                                                                   

 if ([fm removeItemAtPath:copyPath])                                                               

 {                                                                                                                  

 NSLog(@"remove success");                                                                            

}                                                                                                                 

}

获取文件大小                                                                                                  

NSFileManager *fileManager = [NSFileManager defaultManager];                         

获得文件的属性字典                                                                                        

NSDictionary *attrDic = [fileManager attributesOfItemAtpath:sourcePath error:nil];  NSNumber *fileSize = [attrDic objectForKey:NSFileSize];   

获取目录文件信息                                                                                            

NSFileManager *fileManager = [NSFileManager defaultManager];                         

NSString *enuPath = [NSHomeDirectoty( ) stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"Test"];                                                                                                           

NSDictionaryEnumerator *dirEnum = [fileManager enumeratorAtPath:enuPath];     

NSString *path = nil;                                                                                      

while ((path = [dirEnum nextObject]} != nil)                                                        

{                                                                                                                  NSLog(@"%@",path);                                                                                       

}


IOS开发-文件管理(二)

五、Plist文件

String方式添加              

NSString *path = [NSHomeDirectory( )  stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"Array.plist"];                    

NSString *content = @"abcd";            

[contect writeToFile:path atomically:YES encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding error:nil];

Array方式添加        

NSString *path = [NSHomeDirectory( )  stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"Array.plist"];     

[NSArray *array = [[NSArray alloc] initWithObjects:@"123", @"798",@"000",nil];       

[array writeToFile:path atomically:YES];

Dictionary方式添加          

NSString *path = [NSHomeDirectory( )  stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"Dic.plist"];                        

NSDictionary *dic = [NSDictionary alloc] initWithObjects:@"first",@"second",@"third"forKeys:@"123",@"456",@"798"];                                                                      

[dic writeToFile:path atomically:YES];

  • 数组、字典只能将BOOL、NSNumber、NSString、NSData、NSDate、NSArray、NSDictionary写入属性列表plist文件

六、读取文件类和常用方法

  • NSFileHandle类主要对文件内容进行读取和写入操作

  • NSFileManager类主要对文件的操作(删除、修改、移动、复制等等)

常用处理方法

+ (id)fileHandleForReadingAtPath:(NSString *)path  打开一个文件准备读取     

+ (id)fileHandleForWritingAtPath:(NSString *)path  打开一个文件准备写入   

+ (id)fileHandleForUpdatingAtPath:(NSString *)path  打开一个文件准备更新  

-  (NSData *)availableData; 从设备或通道返回可用的数据            

-  (NSData *)readDataToEndOfFile; 从当前的节点读取到文件的末尾               

-  (NSData *)readDataOfLength:(NSUInteger)length; 从当前节点开始读取指定的长度数据                           

-  (void)writeData:(NSData *)data; 写入数据         

-  (unsigned long long)offsetInFile;  获取当前文件的偏移量            

-  (void)seekToFileOffset:(unsigned long long)offset; 跳到指定文件的偏移量     

-  (unsigned long long)seekToEndOfFile; 跳到文件末尾        

-  (void)truncateFileAtOffset:(unsigned long long)offset; 将文件的长度设为offset字节

-  (void)closeFile;  关闭文件

向文件追加数据

NSString *homePath  = NSHomeDirectory( );        

NSString *sourcePath = [homePath stringByAppendingPathConmpone:@"testfile.text"];                                            

NSFileHandle *fielHandle = [NSFileHandle fileHandleForUpdatingAtPath:sourcePath];                                                        

[fileHandle seekToEndOfFile];  将节点跳到文件的末尾          

NSString *str = @"追加的数据"                   

NSData* stringData  = [str dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];          

[fileHandle writeData:stringData]; 追加写入数据       

[fileHandle closeFile];

定位数据                    

NSFileManager *fm = [NSFileManager defaultManager];              

NSString *content = @"abcdef";                      

[fm createFileAtPath:path contents:[content dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding] attributes:nil];                                                   

NSFileHandle *fileHandle = [NSFileHandle fileHandleForReadingAtPath:path];      

NSUInteger length = [fileHandle availabelData] length]; 获取数据长度       

[fileHandle seekToFileOffset;length/2]; 偏移量文件的一半           

NSData *data = [fileHandle readDataToEndOfFile];                

[fileHandle closeFile];

复制文件                           

NSFileHandle *infile, *outfile; 输入文件、输出文件          

NSData *buffer; 读取的缓冲数据                    

NSFileManager *fileManager = [NSFileManager defaultManager];   

NSString *homePath = NSHomeDirectory( );              

NSString *sourcePath = [homePath stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"testfile.txt"];  源文件路径                                          

NSString *outPath = [homePath stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"outfile.txt"]; 输出文件路径                               

BOOL sucess  = [fileManager createFileAtPath:outPath contents:nil attributes:nil];  

if (!success)          

{                                                      

return N0;                                                                                                   

}                 

infile = [NSFileHandle fileHandleForReadingAtPath:sourcePath]; 创建读取源路径文件

if (infile == nil)                          

{                                          

return NO;                      

}                           

outfile = [NSFileHandle fileHandleForReadingAtPath:outPath]; 创建病打开要输出的文件                                                                                                                

if (outfile == nil)                            

{                                                               

return NO;                                                    

}                                             

[outfile truncateFileAtOffset:0]; 将输出文件的长度设为0         

buffer = [infile readDataToEndOfFile];  读取数据           

[outfile writeData:buffer];  写入输入                        

[infile closeFile];        关闭写入、输入文件               

[outfile closeFile];

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

- (BOOL)fileExistsAtPath:(NSString *)path isDirectory:(BOOL *)isDirectory

通常,iOS系统中判断文件或者目录是否存在,可以用上面这个API。

第二个参数 isDirectory是个传出参数, 用于返回,是文件还是目录。

一般两种情况会使用这个API

需求一、 判断文件或者目录是否存在

需求二. 判断path是文件还是目录

需求一、只要判断这个API的返回值,YES为存在,NO为不存在即可,isDirectory不需要判断

因为当传入参数 path不存在时, isDirectory返回的是 undefined, 如果不想要判断是否目录, 这个参数可传NULL。纵观网上的例子,判断文件或者目录是否存在时,同时也会判断这个参数的BOOL值。其实是错误的,因为还有第三个值undefined。

isDirectory
Upon return, contains YES if path is a directory or if the final path element is a symbolic link that points to a directory, otherwise contains NO. If path doesn’t exist, this value is undefined upon return. Pass NULL if you do not need this information.

尤其有意思的是,

当path看起来像是一个目录字符串时, iOS6和7和8,isDirectory返回的值不同。

iOS 6.1对这个的undefined,判断为NO,

而iOS7和8,返回YES

这个问题导致,如果使用isDirectory,在iOS6.1的系统中,是无法判断一个不存在 path, 它是一个文件或者文件夹。仅仅需要根据这个API的返回值判断即可

本文的分析,主要是解决iOS6与后续系统,对同一个API调用的细节处理。仅供参考。

需求二, 判断path是文件还是目录

根据需求一的分析

如果要判断path是文件还是目录,在iOS6.1中,需要确保path是存在的。那么实际应该是两步操作

第一次调用- (BOOL)fileExistsAtPath:(NSString *)path isDirectory:(BOOL *)isDirectory,根据返回值,判断是否存在

如果存在,进行第二次调用。

第二次调用- (BOOL)fileExistsAtPath:(NSString *)path isDirectory:(BOOL *)isDirectory,根据 isDirectory,判断是否是目录

以上分析仅供参考


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