Android API Guides 之 App Manifest(20) - <service>

本文详细介绍了Android应用中服务组件(&lt;service&gt;)的定义、属性及其使用方式。服务组件用于实现后台长时间运行的任务或者为其他应用提供丰富的交互接口。

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<service>

SYNTAX:
<service android:enabled=["true" | "false"]
         android:exported=["true" | "false"]
         android:icon="drawable resource"
         android:isolatedProcess=["true" | "false"]
         android:label="string resource"
         android:name="string"
         android:permission="string"
         android:process="string" >
    . . .
</service>
CONTAINED IN:
<application>
CAN CONTAIN:
<intent-filter> 
<meta-data>
DESCRIPTION:
Declares a service (a  Service subclass) as one of the application's components. Unlike activities, services lack a visual user interface. They're used to implement long-running background operations or a rich communications API that can be called by other applications.

All services must be represented by <service> elements in the manifest file. Any that are not declared there will not be seen by the system and will never be run.

ATTRIBUTES:
android:enabled
Whether or not the service can be instantiated by the system — " true" if it can be, and " false" if not. The default value is " true".

The <application> element has its own enabled attribute that applies to all application components, including services. The <application> and <service> attributes must both be "true" (as they both are by default) for the service to be enabled. If either is "false", the service is disabled; it cannot be instantiated.

android:exported
Whether or not components of other applications can invoke the service or interact with it — " true" if they can, and " false" if not. When the value is " false", only components of the same application or applications with the same user ID can start the service or bind to it.

The default value depends on whether the service contains intent filters. The absence of any filters means that it can be invoked only by specifying its exact class name. This implies that the service is intended only for application-internal use (since others would not know the class name). So in this case, the default value is "false". On the other hand, the presence of at least one filter implies that the service is intended for external use, so the default value is "true".

This attribute is not the only way to limit the exposure of a service to other applications. You can also use a permission to limit the external entities that can interact with the service (see the permissionattribute).

android:icon
An icon representing the service. This attribute must be set as a reference to a drawable resource containing the image definition. If it is not set, the icon specified for the application as a whole is used instead (see the  <application> element's  icon attribute).

The service's icon — whether set here or by the <application> element — is also the default icon for all the service's intent filters (see the <intent-filter> element's icon attribute).

android:isolatedProcess
If set to true, this service will run under a special process that is isolated from the rest of the system and has no permissions of its own. The only communication with it is through the Service API (binding and starting).
android:label
A name for the service that can be displayed to users. If this attribute is not set, the label set for the application as a whole is used instead (see the  <application> element's  label attribute).

The service's label — whether set here or by the <application> element — is also the default label for all the service's intent filters (see the <intent-filter> element's label attribute).

The label should be set as a reference to a string resource, so that it can be localized like other strings in the user interface. However, as a convenience while you're developing the application, it can also be set as a raw string.

android:name
The name of the  Service subclass that implements the service. This should be a fully qualified class name (such as, " com.example.project.RoomService"). However, as a shorthand, if the first character of the name is a period (for example, " .RoomService"), it is appended to the package name specified in the  <manifest> element.

Once you publish your application, you should not change this name (unless you've setandroid:exported="false").

There is no default. The name must be specified.

android:permission
The name of a permission that that an entity must have in order to launch the service or bind to it. If a caller of  startService()bindService(), or  stopService(), has not been granted this permission, the method will not work and the Intent object will not be delivered to the service.

If this attribute is not set, the permission set by the <application> element's permission attribute applies to the service. If neither attribute is set, the service is not protected by a permission.

For more information on permissions, see the Permissions section in the introduction and a separate document, Security and Permissions.

android:process
The name of the process where the service is to run. Normally, all components of an application run in the default process created for the application. It has the same name as the application package. The <application> element's  process attribute can set a different default for all components. But component can override the default with its own  process attribute, allowing you to spread your application across multiple processes.

If the name assigned to this attribute begins with a colon (':'), a new process, private to the application, is created when it's needed and the service runs in that process. If the process name begins with a lowercase character, the service will run in a global process of that name, provided that it has permission to do so. This allows components in different applications to share a process, reducing resource usage.

SEE ALSO:
<application> 
<activity>
INTRODUCED IN:
API Level 1

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools" package="com.isa.navi" android:sharedUserId="android.uid.system" android:versionCode="1" android:versionName="V0.9.0_20250621"> <!-- <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION" />--> <!-- <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />--> <!-- <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />--> <!-- <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />--> <!-- <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />--> <!-- <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED" />--> <!-- <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.USB_PERMISSION"/>--> <!-- <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WAKE_LOCK" />--> <!-- <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE" />--> <!-- <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_MAP_ISA"/>--> <application android:name="com.isa.navi.ui.ISANaviApplication" android:allowBackup="false" android:label="ISA-NaviService" android:supportsRtl="true" android:networkSecurityConfig="@xml/network_security_config" android:taskAffinity="" android:persistent="true" > <!-- android:debuggable="true" --> <service android:name="com.isa.navi.service.ISANaviService" android:directBootAware="true" android:exported="false"> <!-- android:permission="com.isa.permission.ACCESS"--> <!-- >--> <intent-filter> <action android:name="com.isa.intent.action.ISA_NAVI" /> <action android:name="com.isa.intent.action.ISA_NAVI_DEBUG" /> <action android:name="com.isa.intent.action.ISA_CARPLAY" /> </intent-filter> </service> <receiver android:name="com.isa.navi.BootCompleteReceive" android:directBootAware="true" android:exported="false" > <!-- 开机广播 --> <!-- <intent-filter>--> <!-- <action android:name="android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED" />--> <!-- </intent-filter>--> <intent-filter android:priority="2147483647"> <action android:name="android.intent.action.LOCKED_BOOT_COMPLETED" /> </intent-filter> </receiver> <!-- <activity android:name=".ui.MainActivity">--> <!-- <intent-filter>--> <!-- <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />--> <!-- <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />--> <!-- </intent-filter>--> <!-- </activity>--> <receiver android:name=".receiver.USBReceiver" android:exported="false"> <intent-filter android:priority="1000"> <action android:name="android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED"/> <action android:name="android.intent.action.MEDIA_MOUNTED"/> <action android:name="android.intent.action.MEDIA_UNMOUNTED" /> <action android:name="android.intent.action.MEDIA_REMOVED"/> <data android:scheme="file"></data> </intent-filter> </receiver> </application> </manifest> 这个xml是什么
最新发布
07-31
<think>好的,用户提供了他们的AndroidManifest.xml文件内容,并询问这个XML文件的作用。我需要先分析这个文件的结构和内容,然后解释其各个部分的功能。 首先,用户可能想知道这个文件的基本用途。AndroidManifest.xml是每个Android应用的核心配置文件,负责声明应用的基本信息、组件、权限等。用户可能刚接触Android开发,或者需要理解现有项目的配置。 接下来,我需要逐部分解析文件内容。根元素是<manifest>,包含包名、版本号、版本名称等。注意到sharedUserId设置为系统用户ID,这意味着应用可能需要系统权限才能安装。用户可能是在开发系统应用,或者需要特定权限,比如访问系统资源。 然后看<application>标签,其中指定了android:name为ISANaviApplication,说明这是自定义的Application类,负责全局初始化。allowBackup设为false,可能为了安全考虑,防止数据备份。label是应用名称,支持Rtl布局,说明应用支持从右到左的语言,比如阿拉伯语。 networkSecurityConfig指向XML资源,用于配置网络安全策略,比如信任的CA证书或域名限制。taskAffinity为空,可能影响任务栈的管理,persistent设为true,说明应用会被系统尽量保持运行,适用于需要常驻的服务。 在<application>内部,有一个<service>组件,ISANaviService,声明了多个intent-filter动作,包括导航和CarPlay相关的意图。directBootAware设为true,意味着服务可以在设备启动完成前运行,可能用于处理直接启动模式下的功能。exported为false,防止外部应用访问该服务。 还有两个<receiver>,一个是BootCompleteReceive,监听开机完成和锁定启动完成的广播,另一个是USBReceiver,处理USB相关的事件。intent-filter的优先级设置较高,确保接收器在其他应用之前处理广播。 权限部分大部分被注释掉了,用户可能在调试阶段暂时禁用某些权限请求。需要指出注释权限可能带来的问题,比如功能无法使用。 用户可能想知道如何确定应用的启动组件,比如Service或Receiver,而不是Activity,因为没有看到LAUNCHER category的Activity声明。这可能意味着应用主要通过后台服务运行,或者有其他启动方式。 此外,用户可能关心如何调试或修改这个配置文件,比如权限的正确启用、Service和Receiver的配置是否正确,以及如何影响应用行为。需要建议用户检查注释的权限是否必要,确保服务和接收器的配置正确,以及理解persistent属性的影响。 最后,总结这个XML文件的作用,并列出相关问题,帮助用户深入理解各个部分的配置和潜在问题。</think>这是一个Android应用的清单文件(AndroidManifest.xml),用于定义应用的基本配置信息。以下是关键元素解析: ```xml <manifest package="com.isa.navi" <!-- 应用包名 --> android:sharedUserId="android.uid.system" <!-- 以系统权限运行 --> android:versionCode="1" android:versionName="V0.9.0_20250621"> <application android:name="com.isa.navi.ui.ISANaviApplication" <!-- 自定义Application类 --> android:persistent="true" <!-- 系统会强制保持该应用运行 --> android:networkSecurityConfig="@xml/network_security_config"> <!-- 网络安全配置 --> <!-- 核心服务组件 --> <service android:name="com.isa.navi.service.ISANaviService" android:directBootAware="true"> <!-- 支持直接启动模式 --> <intent-filter> <action android:name="com.isa.intent.action.ISA_NAVI" /> <!-- 自定义意图过滤器 --> </intent-filter> </service> <!-- 开机广播接收器 --> <receiver android:name="com.isa.navi.BootCompleteReceive"> <intent-filter android:priority="2147483647"> <action android:name="android.intent.action.LOCKED_BOOT_COMPLETED" /> <!-- 高优先级接收锁屏启动完成广播 --> </intent-filter> </receiver> <!-- USB状态监听 --> <receiver android:name=".receiver.USBReceiver"> <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.intent.action.MEDIA_MOUNTED"/> <!-- 监听U盘插拔事件 --> </intent-filter> </receiver> </application> </manifest> ``` ### 核心配置说明: 1. **系统级权限**:通过`sharedUserId="android.uid.system"`声明,该应用需要签名成系统应用才能获得系统权限 2. **常驻服务**:`android:persistent="true"`会使系统强制保持该进程存活 3. **直接启动模式**:服务和接收器的`directBootAware="true"`允许在用户解锁前运行 4. **隐式启动机制**:通过自定义action(如`ISA_NAVI`)实现组件间通信 5. **安全配置**:`network_security_config.xml`可能配置了网络安全策略(如证书锁定)
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