Signal lamp | 光通信中的摩尔斯发射器

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Signal lamp

信号灯

Signal lamps, are visual signaling devices for optical communication (typically using Morse code). Modern signal lamps are a focused lamp which can produce a pulse of light. In large versions this pulse is achieved by opening and closing shutters mounted in front of the lamp, either via a manually operated pressure switch or, in later versions, automatically.

信号灯是用于光通信的视觉信号设备（通常使用莫尔斯电码）。现代信号灯是一种能产生光脉冲的聚焦灯。在大的版本中，这种脉冲是通过打开和关闭安装在灯前面的百叶窗来实现的，或者通过手动操作的压力开关，或者在后来的版本中自动实现。

宫崎骏·《悬崖上的金鱼姬》

Signal lamp training during World War II

第二次世界大战期间的信号灯训练

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A signal lamp (sometimes called an Aldis lamp or a *Morse lamp [1]) is a visual signaling device for optical communication by flashes of a lamp, typically using Morse code. The idea of flashing dots and dashes from a lantern was first put into practice by Captain Philip Howard Colomb, of the Royal Navy, in 1867. Colomb’s design used limelight for illumination, and his original code was not the same as Morse code. During World War I, German signalers used optical Morse transmitters called Blinkgerät, with a range of up to 8 km (5 miles) at night, using red filters for undetected communications.
信号灯（有时称为 Aldis 灯或莫尔斯灯[1]）是一种视觉信号设备，通过灯的闪烁进行光通信，通常使用莫尔斯电码。1867 年，皇家海军上尉菲利普·霍华德·科伦布（Philip Howard Colomb）首次将灯笼中闪烁的点和破折号的想法付诸实践。Colomb 的设计使用 Limelight 进行照明，他的原始代码与莫尔斯电码不同。第一次世界大战期间，德国信号员使用名为 Blinkgerät 的光学莫尔斯发射器，夜间射程可达 8 公里（5 英里），使用红色滤光片进行未被发现的通信。

Modern signal lamps produce a focused pulse of light, either by opening and closing shutters mounted in front of the lamp, or by tilting a concave mirror. They continue to be used to the present day on naval vessels and for aviation light signals in air traffic control towers, as a backup device in case of a complete failure of an aircraft’s radio.
现代信号灯通过打开和关闭安装在灯前的百叶窗或通过倾斜凹面镜来产生聚焦的光脉冲。直到今天，它们仍然用于海军舰艇和空中交通管制塔的航空灯光信号，作为飞机无线电完全故障时的备用设备。

History 历史

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An Ottoman heliograph crew using a A Blinkgerät (left)
奥斯曼帝国的日光仪工作人员使用 A Blinkgerät（左）

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Begbie signalling oil lamp, 1918
Begbie 信号油灯，1918 年

Signal lamps were pioneered by the Royal Navy in the late 19th century. They were the second generation of signalling in the Royal Navy, after the flag signals most famously used to spread Nelson’s rallying-cry, “England expects that every man will do his duty”, before the Battle of Trafalgar.[2]
信号灯是皇家海军在 19 世纪后期率先发明的。它们是皇家海军的第二代信号，在特拉法加海战之前，最著名的是用来传播纳尔逊的口号“英格兰期望每个人都能履行自己的职责”的国旗信号。[2]

The idea of flashing dots and dashes from a lantern was first put into practice by Captain, later Vice Admiral, Philip Howard Colomb, of the Royal Navy, in 1867. Colomb’s design used limelight for illumination.[3] His original code was not identical to Morse code, but the latter was subsequently adopted.[2]
1867 年，皇家海军上尉、后来的海军中将菲利普·霍华德·科伦布（Philip Howard Colomb）首次将灯笼中闪烁的点和破折号的想法付诸实践。Colomb 的设计使用了 Limelight 进行照明。[3]他原来的电码与摩斯电码并不相同，但后者后来被采用。[2]

Another signalling lamp was the Begbie lamp, a kerosene lamp with a lens to focus the light over a long distance.[4]
另一种信号灯是 Begbie 灯，这是一种带有透镜的煤油灯，可将光线聚焦很远。[4]

During the trench warfare of World War I when wire communications were often cut, German signals used three types of optical Morse transmitters, called Blinkgerät, the intermediate type for distances of up to 4 km (2.5 miles) in daylight and of up to 8 km (5 miles) at night, using red filters for undetected communications.[5]
在第一次世界大战的堑壕战中，有线通信经常被切断，德国信号使用三种类型的光学莫尔斯发射器，称为 Blinkgerät，这种中间类型在白天最远 4 公里（2.5 英里），夜间最远 8 公里（5 英里），使用红色滤光片进行未被发现的通信。[5]

In 1944, British inventor Arthur Cyril Webb Aldis[6] patented a small hand-held design,[7] which featured an improved shutter.[8]
1944 年，英国发明家亚瑟·西里尔·韦伯·奥尔迪斯（Arthur Cyril Webb Aldis[）6] 为一种小型手持式设计申请了专利，[7] 该设计具有改进的快门。[8]

Design 设计

Modern signal lamps can produce a focused pulse of light. In large versions, this pulse is achieved by opening and closing shutters mounted in front of the lamp, either via a manually operated pressure switch, or, in later versions, automatically. With hand-held lamps, a concave mirror is tilted by a trigger to focus the light into pulses. The lamps were usually equipped with some form of optical sight, and were most commonly used on naval vessels and in air traffic control towers, using colour signals for stop or clearance. In manual signalling, a signalman would aim the light at the recipient ship and turn a lever, opening and closing the shutter over the lamp, to emit flashes of light to spell out text messages in Morse code. On the recipient ship, a signalman would observe the blinking light, often with binoculars, and translate the code into text. The maximum transmission rate possible via such flashing light apparatus is no more than 14 words per minute.[citation needed]
现代信号灯可以产生聚焦的光脉冲。在大型版本中，该脉冲是通过打开和关闭安装在灯前面的百叶窗来实现的，通过手动操作的压力开关，或者在以后的版本中，通过自动操作。对于手持式灯，凹面镜通过触发器倾斜，将光线聚焦成脉冲。这些灯通常配备某种形式的光学瞄准器，最常用于海军舰艇和空中交通管制塔，使用彩色信号进行停止或许可。在手动信号中，信号员将灯光对准接收船只并转动杠杆，打开和关闭灯上的百叶窗，以发出闪光，以用莫尔斯电码拼出短信。在接收船上，信号员通常会用双筒望远镜观察闪烁的灯光，并将代码翻译成文本。通过这种闪光灯设备可能的最大传输速率不超过每分钟 14 个字。[来源请求]

Some signal lamps are mounted on the mastheads of ships while some small hand-held versions are also used. Other more powerful versions are mounted on pedestals. These larger ones use a carbon arc lamp as their light source, with a diameter of 20 inches (510 mm). These can be used to signal to the horizon, even in conditions of bright sunlight.
一些信号灯安装在船舶的桅杆上，也使用一些小型手持式信号灯。其他更强大的版本安装在基座上。这些较大的使用碳弧灯作为光源，直径为 20 英寸（510 毫米）。这些可用于向地平线发出信号，即使在明亮的阳光条件下也是如此。

Modern use 现代使用

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A United States Navy sailor sending Morse code using a signal lamp
一名美国海军水手使用信号灯发送摩尔斯电码

Signal lamps continue to be used to the present day on naval vessels. They provide handy, relatively secure communications, which are especially useful during periods of radio silence, such as for convoys operating during the Battle of the Atlantic.
信号灯至今仍在海军舰艇上使用。它们提供方便、相对安全的通信，这在无线电静默期间特别有用，例如对于在大西洋战役期间运营的车队。

The Commonwealth navies and NATO forces use signal lamps when radio communications need to be silent or electronic “spoofing” is likely. Also, given the prevalence of night vision equipment in today’s armed forces, signaling at night is usually done with lights that operate in the infrared (IR) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, making them less likely to be detected. All modern forces have followed suit due to technological advances in digital communications.[9]
英联邦海军和北约部队在无线电通信需要静音或可能进行电子“欺骗”时使用信号灯。此外，鉴于夜视设备在当今武装部队中的普遍性，夜间信号通常由在电磁波谱的红外（IR）部分运行的灯完成，因此不太可能被检测到。由于数字通信的技术进步，所有现代力量都紧随其后。[9]

Signal lamps are still used today for aviation light signals in air traffic control towers as a backup device in case of a complete failure of an aircraft’s radio. Light signals can be green, red, or white, and steady or flashing. Messages are limited to a handful of basic instructions, e.g., “land”, “stop”, etc.; they are not intended to be used for transmitting messages in Morse code. Aircraft can acknowledge signals by rocking their wings or flashing their landing lights.[10]
今天，信号灯仍然用于空中交通管制塔的航空灯信号，作为飞机无线电完全故障时的备用设备。灯光信号可以是绿色、红色或白色，也可以是稳定的或闪烁的。消息仅限于少数基本指令，例如，“land”、“stop”等；它们不用于传输（复杂的）摩尔斯电码消息。飞机可以通过摇动机翼或闪烁着陆灯来识别信号。[10]

New Navy Tech Turns Text to Morse Code Automatically
新的技术自动将文本转换为莫尔斯电码.

References

Walter Lord. The Night Lives On.
Jump up to:a b “The Dead media Project:Working Notes:24.1”. www.deadmedia.org.
Sterling, Christopher H., ed. (2008). Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 209. ISBN 978-1-85109-732-6.
Neal McEwen, K5RW. “Victorian Era Visual Signalling Instruments -Black Watch, 42nd Royal Highland Regiment Signalling Unit, c. 1898”. Telegraph-office.com. Retrieved 2012-06-13.
Galvin (May 29, 2002). “Battle Management Language” (PDF). Retrieved April 7, 2019.
“VISUAL SIGNALLING”, Royal Navy Communications Branch Museum/Library website
“Visual Signalling”. HMS Collingwood Heritage Collection.
“Signaling lamp”.
Jerry Proc. “Directional and Non-Directional Light Signalling”. Visual Signalling in the RCN. Retrieved 2016-08-05.
“FAA Aeronautical Information Manual, section 4-3-13. Traffic Control Light Signals”. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012.

via : wikipedia

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