Spring Boot in Action

本文详细介绍了Spring IoC容器的工作原理,包括BeanFactory和ApplicationContext的区别,BeanFactoryPostProcessor和BeanPostProcessor的作用,以及配置属性绑定和类加载机制。同时,提到了双亲委派模型在类加载过程中的作用,以及SpringFactoriesLoader如何加载 SPI 实现。

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先导知识:

1. Spring IoC容器

     IoC:控制反转

     DI:依赖注入

Spring框架负责控制对象的生命周期和对象间的关系。

IoC使对象只需要关心业务逻辑本身,这些互相依赖的对象的创建和协调等工作交给Spring容器来做。对象如何得到它的协作对象的责任就被反转给Spring了。告诉Spring容器这里需要某个bean,它就会丢个实例过来。

容器中的每个bean都有一个对应的BeanDefinition实例,负责保存bean对象的所有必要信息。如bean 对象的 class 类型、是否是抽象类、构造方法和参数、其它属性等等。

BeanFactory:getBean、containBean、getType、getAliases

BeanDefinitionRegistry:registerBeanDefinition、removeBeanDefinition、getBeanDefinition

DefaultListableBeanFactory实现了BeanFactory和BeanDefinitionRegistry接口,负责bean的注册管理工作。

Spring IoC容器的工作流程主要分为两阶段:启动阶段和实例化阶段。

  • 启动阶段:

     容器启动时会通过一些工具类等加载Configuration MetaData,将其解析后组装成相应的BeanDefinition,然后将保存了bean信息的BeanDefinition注册到BeanDefinitionRegistry。

  • 实例化阶段:

    经过第一阶段,所有 bean 定义都通过 BeanDefinition 的方式注册到 BeanDefinitionRegistry 中,当某个请求通过容器的 getBean 方法请求某个对象,或者因为依赖关系容器需要隐式的调用 getBean 时,就会触发第二阶段的活动:容器会首先检查所请求的对象之前是否已经实例化完成。如果没有,则会根据注册的 BeanDefinition 所提供的信息实例化被请求对象,并为其注入依赖。当该对象装配完毕后,容器会立即将其返回给请求方法使用。

     BeanFactory 只是 Spring IoC 容器的一种实现,如果没有特殊指定,它采用采用延迟初始化策略:只有当访问容器中的某个对象时,才对该对象进行初始化和依赖注入操作。而实际上更多的使用另外一种类型的容器: ApplicationContext,它是Bean-Factory 的一个实现类,除了具有 BeanFactory 的所有能力之外,还提供对事件监听机制以及国际化的支持等。它管理的 bean,在容器启动时全部完成初始化和依赖注入操作。

IoC容器负责管理容器中所有bean的生命周期,而在bean生命周期的不同阶段,Spring提供了不同的扩展点来改变bean的命运。

在容器的启动阶段, BeanFactoryPostProcessor允许我们在容器实例化相应对象之前,对注册到容器的 BeanDefinition 所保存的信息做一些额外的操作,比如修改 bean 定义的某些属性或者增加其他信息等。

比如BeanFactoryPostProcessor的一个实现:PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer。当BeanFactory在第一阶段加载完所有配置信息时,BeanFactory中保存的对象的属性还是以占位符方式存在的,比如 ${jdbc.mysql.url}。当PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer作为BeanFactoryPostProcessor被应用时,它会使用properties配置文件中的值来替换相应的BeanDefinition中占位符所表示的属性值。当需要实例化bean时,bean定义中的属性值就已经被替换成我们配置的值。

另外还有BeanPostProcessor,工作在bean的实例化过程中。

bean的生命周期:。。。

https://www.jianshu.com/p/3944792a5fff

2. 注解篇

@ConfigurationProperties:  这个注解就是为什么龙凯让我在.properties文件中用authclient.appkey和authclient.appsecret的原因。

@EnableConfigurationProperties:表示对@ConfigurationProperties的内嵌支持,默认会将对应Properties Class作为bean注入的IoC容器中,即在相应的Properties类上不用加@Component注解。

...

 

3.ClassLoader&SpringFactoriesLoader

BootstrapClassLoader、 ExtClassLoader、 AppClassLoader分别加载Java核心类库、扩展类库以及应用的类路径( CLASSPATH)下的类库。JVM通过双亲委派模型进行类的加载,我们也可以通过继承 java.lang.classloader实现自己的类加载器。

双亲委派模型:当一个类加载器收到类加载任务时,会先交给自己的父加载器去完成,因此最终加载任务都会传递到最顶层的BootstrapClassLoader,只有当父加载器无法完成加载任务时,才会尝试自己来加载。

双亲委派模型的优点:保证使用不同类加载器最终得到的都是同一个对象,这样就可以保证Java 核心库的类型安全,比如,加载位于rt.jar包中的 java.lang.Object类,不管是哪个加载器加载这个类,最终都是委托给顶层的BootstrapClassLoader来加载的,这样就可以保证任何的类加载器最终得到的都是同样一个Object对象

双亲委派模型不能解决的事情:比如,Java 提供了很多服务提供者接口( ServiceProviderInterface,SPI),允许第三方为这些接口提供实现。常见的 SPI 有 JDBC、JNDI、JAXP 等,这些SPI的接口由核心类库提供,却由第三方实现,这样就存在一个问题:SPI 的接口是 Java 核心库的一部分,是由BootstrapClassLoader加载的;SPI实现的Java类一般是由AppClassLoader来加载的。BootstrapClassLoader是无法找到 SPI 的实现类的,因为它只加载Java的核心库。它也不能代理给AppClassLoader,因为它是最顶层的类加载器。也就是说,双亲委派模型并不能解决这个问题。

怎么办呢:线程上下文类加载器( ContextClassLoader)正好解决了这个问题。从名称上看,可能会误解为它是一种新的类加载器,实际上,它仅仅是Thread类的一个变量而已,可以通过 setContextClassLoader(ClassLoadercl)和 getContextClassLoader()来设置和获取该对象。如果不做任何的设置,Java应用的线程的上下文类加载器默认就是AppClassLoader。在核心类库使用SPI接口时,传递的类加载器使用线程上下文类加载器,就可以成功的加载到SPI实现的类。

 

除了加载类之外还可以加载资源:

首先判断父类加载器是否为空,不为空则委托父类加载器执行资源查找任务,直到BootstrapClassLoader,最后才轮到自己查找。而不同的类加载器负责扫描不同路径下的jar包,就如同加载class一样,最后会扫描所有的jar包,找到符合条件的资源文件。类加载器的 findResources(name)方法会遍历其负责加载的所有jar包,找到jar包中名称为name的资源文件,这里的资源可以是任何文件,甚至是.class文件

 

SpringFactoriesLoader:

从 CLASSPATH下的每个Jar包中搜寻所有 META-INF/spring.factories配置文件,然后将解析properties文件,找到指定名称的配置后返回。执行 loadFactoryNames(EnableAutoConfiguration.class,classLoader)后,得到对应的一组 @Configuration类, 我们就可以通过反射实例化这些类然后注入到IOC容器中,最后容器里就有了一系列标注了 @Configuration的JavaConfig形式的配置类。
 

4. Spring 的监听机制

 

 

To be continued...

Summary A developer-focused guide to writing applications using Spring Boot. You'll learn how to bypass the tedious configuration steps so that you can concentrate on your application's behavior. Purchase of the print book includes a free eBook in PDF, Kindle, and ePub formats from Manning Publications. About the Technology The Spring Framework simplifies enterprise Java development, but it does require lots of tedious configuration work. Spring Boot radically streamlines spinning up a Spring application. You get automatic configuration and a model with established conventions for build-time and runtime dependencies. You also get a handy command-line interface you can use to write scripts in Groovy. Developers who use Spring Boot often say that they can't imagine going back to hand configuring their applications. About the Book Spring Boot in Action is a developer-focused guide to writing applications using Spring Boot. In it, you'll learn how to bypass configuration steps so you can focus on your application's behavior. Spring expert Craig Walls uses interesting and practical examples to teach you both how to use the default settings effectively and how to override and customize Spring Boot for your unique environment. Along the way, you'll pick up insights from Craig's years of Spring development experience. What's Inside Develop Spring apps more efficiently Minimal to no configuration Runtime metrics with the Actuator Covers Spring Boot 1.3 About the Reader Written for readers familiar with the Spring Framework. About the Author Craig Walls is a software developer, author of the popular book Spring in Action, Fourth Edition, and a frequent speaker at conferences.
Spring.Boot.in.Action.2015.12.pdfFor online information and ordering of this and other manning books, please visit www.manning.com.thepublisheroffersdiscountsonthisbookwhenorderedinquantity For more information, please contact Special sales department Manning publications co 20 Baldwin Road PO BoX 761 Shelter island. ny11964 Emailorders@manning.com @2016 by manning Publications Co. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,in any form or by means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in the book, and manning Publications was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps ll Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, it is Mannings policy to have the books we publish printed on acid-free paper, and we exert our best efforts to that end Recognizing also our responsibility to conserve the resources of our planet, Manning books are printed on paper that is at least 15 percent recycled and processed without the use of elemental chlorine Manning publications co Development editor: Cynthia Kane 20 Baldwin Road Technical development editor: Robert casazza PO BoX 761 Copyeditor: Andy Carroll Shelter island. ny11964 Proofreader: Corbin Collins Technical p der John Guthrie Typesetter: Gordan Salinovic Cover designer: Marija Tudor ISBN9781617292545 Printed in the united states of america 12345678910-EBM-201918171615 contents reword vii pre eface 2x about this book xii acknowledgments xu Bootstarting Spring I 1. 1 Spring rebooted Taking a fresh look at spring 2. Examining spring Boot essentials 4 What Spring Boot isn't 7 1.2 Getting started with Spring boot 8 Installing the spring boot cli 8 Initializing a spring boot project with Spring Initializr 12 3 Summary 22 Developing your first Spring Boot application 23 2.1 Putting spring boot to work 24 Examining a newly initialized spring boot project 26 Dissecting Bc iect build 30 2.2 USing starter dependencies 33 Specifying facet-based dependencies 34. Overriding starter transitive dependencies 35 CONTENTS 2.8 USing automatic configuration 37 Focusing on application functionality 37. Running the application 45. What just happened? 45 2.4 Summary 48 Customizing configuration 49 8.1 Overriding Spring Boot auto-configuration 50 Securing the application 50. Creating a custom security configuration 51. Taking another peek under the covers of auto-configuration55 8.2 Externalizing configuration with properties 57 Fine-tuning auto-configuration 58. Externally configuring application beans 64. Configuring with profiles 69 8.8 Customizing application error pages 71 3.4 Summary 74 Testing with Spring Boot 76 4.1 Integration testing auto-configuration 77 4.2 Testing web applications 79 Mocking spring MvC 80- Testing web security 83 4.3 Testing a running application 86 Starting the server on a random port 87. Testing HTML pages with selenium 88 4.4 Summary 90 Getting Groovy with the spring Boot CLI 92 5.1 Developing a Spring Boot CLI application 93 Setting up the cli project 93 Eliminating code noise with Groovy 94. What just happened? 98 5.2 Grabbing dependencies 100 Overriding default dependency versions 101. Adding dependency repositories 102 5.8 Running tests with the CLI 102 5.4 Creating a deployable artifact 105 5.5 Summary 106 CONTENTS 6 Applying Grails in Spring Boot 107 1 Using gorm for data persistence 108 2 Defining views with groovy server pages 113 6.3 Mixing spring boot with grails 3 115 Creating a new grails project 116 Defining the domain 118 Writing a grails controller 119. Creating the view 120 6.4 Summary 123 Taking a peek inside with the Actuator 124 7.1 Exploring the actuator's endpoints 125 Viewing configuration details 126. Tapping runtime metrics 133 Shutting down the application 139. Fetching application information 140 7.2 Connecting to the Actuator remote shell 141 Viewing the autoconfig report 142. Listing application beans 143 Watching application metrics 144.Invoking actuator endpoints 145 7. 3 Monitoring your application with JMX 146 7.4 Customizing the Actuator 148 Changing endpoint Ds 148 Enabling and disabling endpoints 149 Adding custom metrics and gauges 149- Creating a custom trace repository 153 Plugging in custom health indicators 155 7.5 Securing Actuator endpoints 156 7.6 Summary 159 8 Deploying Spring Boot applications 160 8.1 Weighing deployment options 161 8.2 Deploying to an application server 162 Building a WaRfile 162 Creating a production profile Enabling database migration 168 8.3 Pushing to the cloud 173 Deploying to Cloud Foundry 173 Deploying to Heroku 177 8. Summary 180 appendix a spring Boot developer Tools 187 appendix b spring Boot starters 188 appendix c Configuration properties 195 appendix d spring boot dependencies 232 index 243 In the spring of 2014, the Delivery Engineering team at Netflix set out to achieve a lofty goal: enable end-to-end global continuous delivery via a software platform that facilitates both extensibility and resiliency. my team had previously built two different applications attempting to address Netflix's delivery and deployment needs, but both were beginning to show the telltale signs of monolith-ness and neither met the goals of flexibility and resiliency. What's more, the most stymieing effect of these monolithic applications was ultimately that we were unable to keep pace with our partner's inno- vation. Users had begun to move around our tools rather than with them It became apparent that if we wanted to provide real value to the company and rap- idly innovate, we needed to break up the monoliths into small, independent services that could be released at will. Embracing a microservice architecture gave us hope that we could also address the twin goals of flexibility and resiliency. but we needed to do it on a credible foundation where we could count on real concurrency, legitimate moni- toring, reliable and easy service discovery, and great runtime performance With the jVM as our bedrock, we looked for a framework that would give us rapid velocity and steadfast operationalization out of the box. We zeroed in on Spring Boot Spring Boot makes it effortless to create Spring-powered, production-ready ser- vices without a lot of code! Indeed, the fact that a simple Spring Boot Hello World application can fit into a tweet is a radical departure from what the same functionality required on the vm only a few short years ago. Out-of-the-box nonfunctional features like security, metrics, health-checks, embedded servers, and externalized configura tion made boot an easy choice for us FOREWORD Yet, when we embarked on our Spring boot journey solid documentation was hard to come by. Relying on source code isnt the most joyful manner of figuring out how to properly leverage a frameworks features It's not surprising to see the author of mannings venerable Spring in Action take on the challenge of concisely distilling the core aspects of working with Spring Boot into another cogent book. Nor is it surprising that Craig and the Manning crew have done another tremendously wonderful job! Spring Boot in Action is an easily readable book, as weve now come to expect from Craig and manning From chapter Is attention-getting introduction to Boot and the now legend ary 9Oish-character tweetable Boot application to an in-depth analysis of Boots Actuator in chapter 7, which enables a host of auto-magical operational features required for any production application, Spring Boot in Action leaves no stone unturned. Indeed, for me, chapter 7's deep dive into the Actuator answered some of the lingering questions I've had in the back of my head since picking up Boot well over a year ago. Chapter 8s thor- ough examination of deployment options opened my eyes to the simplicity of cloud Foundry for cloud deployments. One of my favorite chapters is chapter 4, where Craig explores the many powerful options for easily testing a Boot application. From the get- o, I was pleasantly surprised with some of Springs testing features, and boot takes g advantage of them nicely As I've publicly stated before, Spring Boot is just the kind of framework the Java community has been seeking for over a decade. Its easy-to-use development features and out-of-the-box operationalization make java development fun again I,m pleased to report that Spring and spring boot are the foundation of Netflix's new continuous delivery platform. What's more, other teams at Netflix are following the same path because they too see the myriad benefits of boot It's with equal parts excitement and passion that I absolutely endorse craigs book as the easy-to-digest and fun-to-read Spring boot documentation the Java community has been waiting for since Boot took the community by storm. Craigs accessible writ- ing style and sweeping analysis of boot's core features and functionality will surely leave readers with a solid grasp of Boot(along with a joyful sense of awe for it) Keep up the great work Craig Manning Publications, and all the brilliant develop ers who have made spring boot what it is today each one of you has ensured a bright future for the JV ANDREW GLOVER MANAGER, DELIVERY ENGINEERING AT NETFLIX preface At the 1964 New York World's Fair, Walt Disney introduced three groundbreaking attractions:"“it' s a small world,”“ Great Moments with mr. Lincoln," and the“ Carouse of Progress " All three of these attractions have since moved into disneyland and walt Disney world, and you can still see them today My favorite of these is the Carousel of Progress. Supposedly, it was one of Walt Disneys favorites too. It's part ride and part stage show where the seating area rotates around a center area featuring four stages. Each stage tells the story of a family at different time periods of the 20th century-the early 1900s, the 1920s the 1940s, and recent times-highlighting the technology advances in that time period The story of innovation is told from a hand-cranked washing machine, to electric lighting and radio, to automatic dishwashers and television, to computers and voice-activated appliances In every act, the father (who is also the narrator of the show)talks about the latest inventions and says "It cant get any better only to discover that in fact, it does get better in the next act as technology progresses Although Spring doesn't have quite as long a history as that displayed in the Car- ousel of Progress, I feel the same way about Spring as"Progress Dad felt about the 20th century. Each and every Spring application seems to make the lives of developers so much better. Just looking at how Spring components are declared and wired together, we can see the following progression over the history of Spring
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