引言:很多人都知道不能再在子线程new一个Handler,android会报错,至于为什么会报错,并没有作深入的研究,今天一起来研究一下,顺手学习下android异步消息处理机制的问题。
在子线程中new 一个Handler为什么会出错?首先直接在子线程新建一个Handler?
new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { Handler handler=new Handler(){ @Override public void handleMessage(Message msg) { super.handleMessage(msg); Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"handler msg",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); } }; handler.sendEmptyMessage(1); } }).start();
结果不出意外报错:java.lang.RuntimeException: Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()。
Handler构造方法源码:
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) { final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass(); if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) && (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) { Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " + klass.getCanonicalName()); } } mLooper = Looper.myLooper(); if (mLooper == null) { throw new RuntimeException( "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()"); } mQueue = mLooper.mQueue; mCallback = callback; mAsynchronous = async; }
handler构造函数中,需要持有一个Looper对象,如果没有,提示这个错误。
looper的作用是与当前线程绑定,保证一个线程只有一个Looper实例,同事一个Looper实例也只有一个MessageQueue.
然后Looper的loop()方法就是不断从MessageQueue中取出消息,交给handler去发送消息,而子线程是默认没有looper的,
所以就会报错了,解决办法很简单,我们只需要调用prepare()方法,新建looper对象就好。看一下prepare()方法源码。
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) { if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) { throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread"); } sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed)); }
可以看到方法中新建一个Looper对象放进了一个ThreadLocal的对象中,并且提前判断了ThreadLocal是否为空,这就说明了
prepare()方法不能被调用2次,也就保证一个线程只有一个Looper。
接下来看下Looper()构造方法。
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) { mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed); mThread = Thread.currentThread(); }
构造函数中,新建一个MessageQueue,现在消息队列找到了,怎么从这个队列中取出消息给handler,调用loop()方法,
public static void loop() { final Looper me = myLooper(); if (me == null) { throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread."); } final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue; // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process, // and keep track of what that identity token actually is. Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); for (;;) { Message msg = queue.next(); // might block if (msg == null) { // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting. return; } // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger final Printer logging = me.mLogging; if (logging != null) { logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback + ": " + msg.what); } final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag; if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) { Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg)); } try { msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg); } finally { if (traceTag != 0) { Trace.traceEnd(traceTag); } } if (logging != null) { logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback); } // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted. final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); if (ident != newIdent) { Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x" + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x" + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to " + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " " + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what); } msg.recycleUnchecked(); } }
public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() { return sThreadLocal.get(); }
在myLooper方法中直接拿到了ThreadLocal中存储的Looper实例,如果为空,就报错,说明loop一定要在prepare之后调用,
然后拿到了looper中消息队列,进入无限循环,取消息,把消息赋给msg的target的dispatchMessage方法处理,这个msg.target就是
我们熟悉的handler。
在handler源码中,我们可以看到handler通过持有的looper获取了looper的messageQueue,这样就把Handler,looper,message联系在一起。
总结一下handler处理message的逻辑。
sendMessage()方法
public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg) { return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0); }
public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis) { if (delayMillis < 0) { delayMillis = 0; } return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis); }
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) { MessageQueue queue = mQueue; if (queue == null) { RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException( this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue"); Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e); return false; } return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis); }
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) { msg.target = this; if (mAsynchronous) { msg.setAsynchronous(true); } return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis); }
还记得上文looper.loop中会去除每个msg,然后交给target.dispathMessage(msg)去处理消息吗?
enqueueMessage中首先为msg.target赋值为this,也就是把当前的handler作为msg的target属性,最终会调用queue的enqueueMessage的
方法,也就是handler发出的消息,最终会被保存到消息队列中去。
现在已经知道了Looper会调用prepare和loop方法,在当前执行的线程中保存一个Looper实例,这个实例会保存一个MessageQueue对象,
然后当前线程进入一个无限循环中去,不断从MessageQueue中读取handler发来的消息,然后再回调创建这个消息的hanlder中的dispatchMessage
方法,下面看下这个方法的源码。
/** * Handle system messages here. */ public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) { if (msg.callback != null) { handleCallback(msg); } else { if (mCallback != null) { if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) { return; } } handleMessage(msg); } }
这里最终调用了我们创建handler中复写的handleMessage方法。
最后,整个流程基本理顺了一遍。
总结一下:
首先Looper.prepare()在本地线程中保存一个Looper实例,然后该实例保存一个MessageQueue对象,
因为Looper.prepare方法在一个线程中只能调用一次,所以MessageQueue在一个线程中只会存在一个。
Looper.loop方法会让当前线程进入一个无限循环,不断从MessageQueue的实例中读取消息,然后回调msg.target.dispathchMessage方法。
在Handler构造方法中,会首先得到当前线程中保存的Loop实例,进而与Looper实例中的MessageQueue相关联,
handler的sendMessage方法,会给msg的target赋值为handler本身,然后加入MessageQueue中,
在构造handler实例时,我们会重写handlerMessage方法,也就是msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)最终调用的方法。
总结:
Looper负责的就是创建一个MessageQueue,然后进入一个无限循环不断从该MessageQueue中读取消息,而消息的创建者就是handler.
本文探讨了在Android子线程中创建Handler导致的`Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()`异常。分析了Handler、Looper和Message之间的关系,解释了Looper.prepare()和Looper.loop()的重要性,以及消息的处理流程,包括sendMessage()如何将消息放入队列,以及dispatchMessage()如何回调Handler进行消息处理。

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