packer创建自定义ubuntu系统镜像

最新推荐文章于 2025-07-17 23:12:16 发布

tornadoami

最新推荐文章于 2025-07-17 23:12:16 发布

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分类专栏： OpenStack Linux 文章标签： ubuntu linux 运维云计算

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packer创建自定义镜像

作者建议

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单击查看原始文档（持续更新中）：《packer创建自定义镜像》

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简介：

packer是一个非常好用的开源工具，可以自定义各种操作系统，用于各种平台，如kvm/qemu，各种公有云和私有云、VMware、hyper-v、MAAS（裸金属即服务）等等。

canonical官方有个开源项目，可以让我们更好地创建自定义镜像，虽然这个项目注意是针对maas的，但是稍加调整也能给kvm/qemu、OpenStack使用。

安装必须的软件

#sudo apt install packer
#如果提示没有可用的包，则可以去官方找安装教程
#https://developer.hashicorp.com/packer/tutorials/docker-get-started/get-started-install-cli
wget -O- https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/hashicorp-archive-keyring.gpg
echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/hashicorp-archive-keyring.gpg] https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com $(lsb_release -cs) main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/hashicorp.list
sudo apt update && sudo apt install packer -y

sudo apt install qemu-utils -y
sudo apt install qemu-system -y
sudo apt install ovmf -y
sudo apt install cloud-image-utils -y

sudo apt install make libnbd-bin nbdkit fuse2fs -y

cd ~
git clone https://github.com/canonical/packer-maas.git
cd packer-maas/ubuntu
mkdir iso

克隆代码后，看到有这样一些目录：

从上图可知，可以自定义的系统种类很多。

自定义ubuntu server 24.04（为kvm/qemu）

参考资料：

Autoinstall configuration reference manual - Ubuntu installation documentation (readthedocs-hosted.com)

QEMU Builder | Integrations | Packer | HashiCorp Developer

Cloud config examples - cloud-init 24.3.1 documentation (cloudinit.readthedocs.io)

分区采用lvm

原始的HCL模板文件，是通过http从官网下载ubuntu iso镜像文件的，我发现对于网速不快的情况下，容易出问题，因为qemu插件规定了下载iso文件不能超过半小时，否则就会终止。为了方便我改为了直接用本地的iso文件，下载网址为http://releases.ubuntu.com/noble/ubuntu-24.04.1-live-server-amd64.iso

ubuntu-lvm.pkr.hcl文件内容：

注意iso_checksum必须要与镜像文件匹配。

source "qemu" "lvm" {
  boot_command    = ["<wait>e<wait5>", "<down><wait><down><wait><down><wait2><end><wait5>", "<bs><bs><bs><bs><wait>autoinstall ---<wait><f10>"]
  boot_wait       = "2s"
  cpus            = 8
  disk_size       = "200G"
#  net_device      = "virtio-net"
#  disk_interface  = "virtio"
  format          = "raw"
  headless        = var.headless
  http_directory  = var.http_directory
  iso_checksum    = "file:http://releases.ubuntu.com/${var.ubuntu_series}/SHA256SUMS"
#  iso_target_path = "packer_cache/${var.ubuntu_lvm_iso}"
  iso_url         = "file:///home/mywind/packer-maas/ubuntu/iso/${var.ubuntu_lvm_iso}"
  memory          = 8192
  qemuargs = [
    ["-vga", "qxl"],
    ["-device", "virtio-blk-pci,drive=drive0,bootindex=0"],
    ["-device", "virtio-blk-pci,drive=cdrom0,bootindex=1"],
    ["-device", "virtio-blk-pci,drive=drive1,bootindex=2"],
    [
      "-netdev",
      "user,id=mynet0,",
#      "hostfwd=hostip:hostport-guestip:guestport",
      ""
    ],
    ["-device", "virtio-net,netdev=mynet0" ],
    ["-drive", "if=pflash,format=raw,id=ovmf_code,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/${lookup(local.uefi_imp, var.architecture, "")}/${lookup(local.uefi_imp, var.architecture, "")}_CODE${var.ovmf_suffix}.fd"],
    ["-drive", "if=pflash,format=raw,id=ovmf_vars,file=${lookup(local.uefi_imp, var.architecture, "")}_VARS.fd"],
    ["-drive", "file=output-lvm/packer-lvm,if=none,id=drive0,cache=writeback,discard=ignore,format=raw"],
    ["-drive", "file=seeds-lvm.iso,format=raw,cache=none,if=none,id=drive1,readonly=on"],
    ["-drive", "file=iso/${var.ubuntu_lvm_iso},if=none,id=cdrom0,media=cdrom"]
  ]
  shutdown_command       = "sudo -S shutdown -P now"
  ssh_handshake_attempts = 500
  ssh_password           = var.ssh_ubuntu_password
  ssh_timeout            = var.timeout
  ssh_username           = "ubuntu"
  ssh_wait_timeout       = var.timeout
}

build {
  sources = ["source.qemu.lvm"]

  provisioner "file" {
    destination = "/tmp/curtin-hooks"
    source      = "${path.root}/scripts/curtin-hooks"
  }

  provisioner "file" {
    source      = "${path.root}/scripts/.bashrc"
    destination = "/home/ubuntu/.bashrc"
  }

  provisioner "shell" {
    environment_vars  = ["HOME_DIR=/home/ubuntu", "http_proxy=${var.http_proxy}", "https_proxy=${var.https_proxy}", "no_proxy=${var.no_proxy}"]
    execute_command   = "echo 'ubuntu' | {{ .Vars }} sudo -S -E sh -eux '{{ .Path }}'"
    expect_disconnect = true
    scripts           = ["${path.root}/scripts/curtin.sh", "${path.root}/scripts/networking.sh", "${path.root}/scripts/cleanup.sh"]
  }

  post-processor "compress" {
    output = "custom-ubuntu2404-server-lvm.dd.gz"
  }
}

ubuntu-lvm.variables.pkr.hcl

variable "ubuntu_lvm_iso" {
  type        = string
  default     = "ubuntu-24.04.1-live-server-amd64.iso"
  description = "The ISO name to build the image from"
}

variables.pkr.hcl

注意：headless默认值为true，这个选项的作用是packer自定义镜像时，是否要弹出vnc窗口，为true表示不弹出，为false表示自动弹出，新手建议选择false，可以更直观了解packer自定义镜像的过程

packer {
  required_version = ">= 1.7.0"
  required_plugins {
    qemu = {
      version = "~> 1.0"
      source  = "github.com/hashicorp/qemu"
    }
  }
}

variable "headless" {
  type        = bool
  default     = false
  description = "Whether VNC viewer should not be launched."
}

variable "http_directory" {
  type    = string
  default = "http"
}

variable "http_proxy" {
  type    = string
  default = "${env("http_proxy")}"
}

variable "https_proxy" {
  type    = string
  default = "${env("https_proxy")}"
}

variable "no_proxy" {
  type    = string
  default = "${env("no_proxy")}"
}

variable "ssh_password" {
  type    = string
  default = "ubuntu"
}

variable "ssh_username" {
  type    = string
  default = "root"
}

variable "ssh_ubuntu_password" {
  type    = string
  default = "ubuntu"
}

variable "timeout" {
  type        = string
  default     = "1h"
  description = "Timeout for building the image"
}

user-data-lvm

注意：packers必须要位于package_update和package_upgrade的下面，否则安装系统时会报错。

#cloud-config
autoinstall:
  version: 1
  identity:
    hostname: custom-ubuntu2404-desktop
    username: ubuntu
    password: "$6$canonical.$0zWaW71A9ke9ASsaOcFTdQ2tx1gSmLxMPrsH0rF0Yb.2AEKNPV1lrF94n6YuPJmnUy2K2/JSDtxuiBDey6Lpa/"
  keyboard:
    layout: us
    variant: ''
#  network:
#      ethernets:
#          enp1s0:
#              dhcp4: true
#      version: 2
  ssh:
    install-server: true
#  manage_resolv_conf: true
#  resolv_conf:
#    domain: dltornado2.com
#    nameservers: [192.168.124.7, 172.25.0.250]
#    searchdomains: [dltornado2.com, dltornado.com]
  drivers:
    nvidia: {license-accepted: true}
  storage:
    grub:
      update_nvram: true
    swap:
      size: 0
    layout:
      name: lvm
#下面这行命令的作用是，分区时，将所有空余的空间都分配给根逻辑卷（root LV），这样就不会导致空间浪费
      sizing-policy: all
  timezone: Asia/Shanghai
  apt:
    primary:
      - arches: [default]
        uri: https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/
  late-commands:
    - echo 'ubuntu ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL' > /target/etc/sudoers.d/ubuntu
  package_update: true
  package_upgrade: true
  packages:
   - pwgen
   - nmap
   - arp-scan
   - smbclient
   - tree

Makefile

#!/usr/bin/make -f

include ../scripts/check.mk

PACKER ?= packer
PACKER_LOG ?= 1
export PACKER_LOG

SERIES ?= noble
ARCH ?= amd64
URL ?= http://releases.ubuntu.com
SUMS ?= SHA256SUMS
TIMEOUT ?= 1h

ifeq ($(wildcard /usr/share/OVMF/OVMF_CODE.fd),)
	OVMF_SFX ?= _4M
else
	OVMF_SFX ?=
endif

ISO=$(shell wget -O- -q ${URL}/${SERIES}/${SUMS} | grep desktop | cut -d'*' -f2)

.PHONY: all clean

all: custom-cloudimg.tar.gz

$(eval $(call check_packages_deps,cloud-image-utils ovmf parted,cloud-image-utils ovmf parted))

lint:
	packer validate .
	packer fmt -check -diff .

format:
	packer fmt .

seeds-lvm.iso: user-data-lvm meta-data
	cloud-localds $@ $^

seeds-flat.iso: user-data-flat meta-data
	cloud-localds $@ $^

OVMF_VARS.fd: /usr/share/OVMF/OVMF_VARS*.fd
	cp -v $< $@

custom-cloudimg.tar.gz: check-deps clean
	${PACKER} init . && ${PACKER} build \
		-only='cloudimg.*' \
		-var ubuntu_series=${SERIES} \
		-var architecture=${ARCH} \
		-var ovmf_suffix=${OVMF_SFX} \
		-var timeout=${TIMEOUT} .

custom-ubuntu2404-server-flat.tar.gz: check-deps clean seeds-flat.iso OVMF_VARS.fd \
			packages/custom-packages.tar.gz
	${PACKER} init . && ${PACKER} build -only=qemu.flat \
		-var ubuntu_series=${SERIES} \
		-var ubuntu_iso=${ISO} \
		-var architecture=${ARCH} \
		-var ovmf_suffix=${OVMF_SFX} \
		-var timeout=${TIMEOUT} .

custom-ubuntu2404-server-lvm.dd.gz: check-deps clean seeds-lvm.iso OVMF_VARS.fd
	${PACKER} init . && ${PACKER} build -only=qemu.lvm \
		-var ubuntu_series=${SERIES} \
		-var ubuntu_lvm_iso=${ISO} \
		-var architecture=${ARCH} \
		-var ovmf_suffix=${OVMF_SFX} \
		-var timeout=${TIMEOUT} .

custom-ubuntu2404-desktop-lvm.dd.gz: check-deps clean seeds-lvm.iso OVMF_VARS.fd
	${PACKER} init . && ${PACKER} build -only=qemu.lvm \
                -var ubuntu_series=${SERIES} \
                -var ubuntu_lvm_iso=${ISO} \
                -var architecture=${ARCH} \
                -var ovmf_suffix=${OVMF_SFX} \
                -var timeout=${TIMEOUT} .

clean:
	${RM} -rf output-* custom-*.gz \
		seeds-flat.iso seeds-lvm.iso seeds-cloudimg.iso \
		OVMF_VARS.fd

CUSTOM_PKGS:=${wildcard packages/*.deb}

packages/custom-packages.tar.gz: ${CUSTOM_PKGS}
ifeq ($(strip $(CUSTOM_PKGS)),)
	tar czf $@ -C packages -T /dev/null
else
	tar czf $@ -C packages ${notdir $^}
endif

.INTERMEDIATE: OVMF_VARS.fd packages/custom-packages.tar.gz \
	seeds-flat.iso seeds-lvm.iso seeds-cloudimg.iso

最后开始自定义

make custom-ubuntu2404-server-lvm.dd.gz

时间会比较长，最后会自动在当前目录下创建一个custom-ubuntu2404-server-lvm.dd.gz文件

解压

gunzip custom-ubuntu2404-server-lvm.dd.gz

解压后得到的文件为custom-ubuntu2404-server-lvm.dd，此文件大小与qemu插件中设置的磁盘大小一样，本文中设置的是200GB，所以此文件也是200GB，kvm无法直接用这个格式的虚拟磁盘，还需要将其转换为qcow2格式

qemu-img convert -f raw -O qcow2 custom-ubuntu2404-server-lvm.dd custom-ubuntu2404-server-lvm.qcow2

转换后的qcow2文件，大小大大压缩了，只有4GB多

virt-manager创建虚拟机

先要将得到的custom-ubuntu2404-server-lvm.qcow2文件拷贝到/var/lib/libvirt/images/目录中，合适命名

sudo cp ~/packer-maas/ubuntu/custom-ubuntu2404-server-lvm.qcow2 /var/lib/libvirt/images//custom-ubuntu2404-server-lvm-test.qcow2

创建和启动虚拟机的过程非常快

可以看到网络并没有激活，这是因为用packer创建自定义镜像时，ubuntu系统将网卡识别为ens6而不是enp1s0，解决办法也很简单，编辑网络yaml文件将ens6改为enp1s即可

自定义ubuntu desktop 24.04（为kvm/qemu）

分区采用lvm

cd ~/packer-maas/ubuntu-desktop
mkdir iso

从canonical官网release网站下载相应版本的iso镜像文件，然后放入iso文件夹中http://releases.ubuntu.com/noble/ubuntu-24.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso

ubuntu-lvm.pkr.hcl

source "qemu" "lvm" {
  boot_command    = ["<wait>e<wait5>", "<down><wait><down><wait><down><wait2><end><wait5>", "<bs><bs><bs><bs><wait>autoinstall ---<wait><f10>"]
  boot_wait       = "2s"
  cpus            = 8
  disk_size       = "200G"
  format          = "raw"
  headless        = var.headless
  http_directory  = var.http_directory
  iso_checksum    = "c2e6f4dc37ac944e2ed507f87c6188dd4d3179bf4a3f9e110d3c88d1f3294bdc"
#  iso_target_path = "packer_cache/${var.ubuntu_lvm_iso}"
  iso_url         = "file:///home/mywind/packer-maas/ubuntu-desktop/iso/${var.ubuntu_lvm_iso}"
  memory          = 8192
  qemuargs = [
    ["-vga", "qxl"],
    ["-device", "virtio-blk-pci,drive=drive0,bootindex=0"],
    ["-device", "virtio-blk-pci,drive=cdrom0,bootindex=1"],
    ["-device", "virtio-blk-pci,drive=drive1,bootindex=2"],
    ["-drive", "if=pflash,format=raw,id=ovmf_code,readonly=on,file=/usr/share/${lookup(local.uefi_imp, var.architecture, "")}/${lookup(local.uefi_imp, var.architecture, "")}_CODE${var.ovmf_suffix}.fd"],
    ["-drive", "if=pflash,format=raw,id=ovmf_vars,file=${lookup(local.uefi_imp, var.architecture, "")}_VARS.fd"],
    ["-drive", "file=output-lvm/packer-lvm,if=none,id=drive0,cache=writeback,discard=ignore,format=raw"],
    ["-drive", "file=seeds-lvm.iso,format=raw,cache=none,if=none,id=drive1,readonly=on"],
    ["-drive", "file=iso/${var.ubuntu_lvm_iso},if=none,id=cdrom0,media=cdrom"]
  ]
  shutdown_command       = "sudo -S shutdown -P now"
  ssh_handshake_attempts = 500
  ssh_password           = var.ssh_ubuntu_password
  ssh_timeout            = var.timeout
  ssh_username           = "ubuntu"
  ssh_wait_timeout       = var.timeout
}

build {
  sources = ["source.qemu.lvm"]

  provisioner "file" {
    destination = "/tmp/curtin-hooks"
    source      = "${path.root}/scripts/curtin-hooks"
  }

  provisioner "file" {
    source      = "${path.root}/scripts/.bashrc"
    destination = "/home/ubuntu/.bashrc"
  }

  provisioner "shell" {
    environment_vars  = ["HOME_DIR=/home/ubuntu", "http_proxy=${var.http_proxy}", "https_proxy=${var.https_proxy}", "no_proxy=${var.no_proxy}"]
    execute_command   = "echo 'ubuntu' | {{ .Vars }} sudo -S -E sh -eux '{{ .Path }}'"
    expect_disconnect = true
    scripts           = ["${path.root}/scripts/curtin.sh", "${path.root}/scripts/networking.sh", "${path.root}/scripts/cleanup.sh"]
  }

  post-processor "compress" {
    output = "custom-ubuntu2404-desktop-lvm.dd.gz"
  }
}

ubuntu-lvm.variables.pkr.hcl

variable "ubuntu_lvm_iso" {
  type        = string
  default     = "ubuntu-24.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso"
  description = "The ISO name to build the image from"
}

variables.pkr.hcl

注意：如果是创建自定义的ubuntu desktop镜像，则必须要将headless的值设置为false，这是因为安装系统过程中，需要手工单击一个按钮

packer {
  required_version = ">= 1.7.0"
  required_plugins {
    qemu = {
      version = "~> 1.0"
      source  = "github.com/hashicorp/qemu"
    }
  }
}

variable "headless" {
  type        = bool
  default     = false
  description = "Whether VNC viewer should not be launched."
}

variable "http_directory" {
  type    = string
  default = "http"
}

variable "http_proxy" {
  type    = string
  default = "${env("http_proxy")}"
}

variable "https_proxy" {
  type    = string
  default = "${env("https_proxy")}"
}

variable "no_proxy" {
  type    = string
  default = "${env("no_proxy")}"
}

variable "ssh_password" {
  type    = string
  default = "ubuntu"
}

variable "ssh_username" {
  type    = string
  default = "root"
}

variable "ssh_ubuntu_password" {
  type    = string
  default = "ubuntu"
}

variable "timeout" {
  type        = string
  default     = "1h"
  description = "Timeout for building the image"
}

user-data-lvm

#cloud-config
autoinstall:
  version: 1
  identity:
    hostname: custom-ubuntu2404-desktop
    username: ubuntu
    password: "$6$canonical.$0zWaW71A9ke9ASsaOcFTdQ2tx1gSmLxMPrsH0rF0Yb.2AEKNPV1lrF94n6YuPJmnUy2K2/JSDtxuiBDey6Lpa/"
  keyboard:
    layout: us
    variant: ''
#  network:
#      ethernets:
#          enp1s0:
#              dhcp4: true
#      version: 2
  ssh:
    install-server: true
  manage_resolv_conf: true
  resolv_conf:
    domain: dltornado2.com
    nameservers: [192.168.124.7, 172.25.0.250]
    searchdomains: [dltornado2.com, dltornado.com]
  drivers:
    nvidia: {license-accepted: true}
  storage:
    grub:
      update_nvram: true
    swap:
      size: 0
    layout:
      name: lvm
      sizing-policy: all
  timezone: Asia/Shanghai
  apt:
    primary:
      - arches: [default]
        uri: https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/
  late-commands:
    - echo 'ubuntu ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL' > /target/etc/sudoers.d/ubuntu
  package_update: true
  package_upgrade: true
  packages:
   - pwgen
   - nmap
   - arp-scan
   - smbclient
   - tree

Makefile

#!/usr/bin/make -f

include ../scripts/check.mk

PACKER ?= packer
PACKER_LOG ?= 1
export PACKER_LOG

SERIES ?= noble
ARCH ?= amd64
URL ?= http://releases.ubuntu.com
SUMS ?= SHA256SUMS
TIMEOUT ?= 1h

ifeq ($(wildcard /usr/share/OVMF/OVMF_CODE.fd),)
	OVMF_SFX ?= _4M
else
	OVMF_SFX ?=
endif

ISO=$(shell wget -O- -q ${URL}/${SERIES}/${SUMS} | grep desktop | cut -d'*' -f2)

.PHONY: all clean

all: custom-cloudimg.tar.gz

$(eval $(call check_packages_deps,cloud-image-utils ovmf parted,cloud-image-utils ovmf parted))

lint:
	packer validate .
	packer fmt -check -diff .

format:
	packer fmt .

seeds-lvm.iso: user-data-lvm meta-data
	cloud-localds $@ $^

seeds-flat.iso: user-data-flat meta-data
	cloud-localds $@ $^

OVMF_VARS.fd: /usr/share/OVMF/OVMF_VARS*.fd
	cp -v $< $@

custom-cloudimg.tar.gz: check-deps clean
	${PACKER} init . && ${PACKER} build \
		-only='cloudimg.*' \
		-var ubuntu_series=${SERIES} \
		-var architecture=${ARCH} \
		-var ovmf_suffix=${OVMF_SFX} \
		-var timeout=${TIMEOUT} .

custom-ubuntu2404-server-flat.tar.gz: check-deps clean seeds-flat.iso OVMF_VARS.fd \
			packages/custom-packages.tar.gz
	${PACKER} init . && ${PACKER} build -only=qemu.flat \
		-var ubuntu_series=${SERIES} \
		-var ubuntu_iso=${ISO} \
		-var architecture=${ARCH} \
		-var ovmf_suffix=${OVMF_SFX} \
		-var timeout=${TIMEOUT} .

custom-ubuntu2404-server-lvm.dd.gz: check-deps clean seeds-lvm.iso OVMF_VARS.fd
	${PACKER} init . && ${PACKER} build -only=qemu.lvm \
		-var ubuntu_series=${SERIES} \
		-var ubuntu_lvm_iso=${ISO} \
		-var architecture=${ARCH} \
		-var ovmf_suffix=${OVMF_SFX} \
		-var timeout=${TIMEOUT} .

custom-ubuntu2404-desktop-lvm.dd.gz: check-deps clean seeds-lvm.iso OVMF_VARS.fd
	${PACKER} init . && ${PACKER} build -only=qemu.lvm \
                -var ubuntu_series=${SERIES} \
                -var ubuntu_lvm_iso=${ISO} \
                -var architecture=${ARCH} \
                -var ovmf_suffix=${OVMF_SFX} \
                -var timeout=${TIMEOUT} .

clean:
	${RM} -rf output-* custom-*.gz \
		seeds-flat.iso seeds-lvm.iso seeds-cloudimg.iso \
		OVMF_VARS.fd

CUSTOM_PKGS:=${wildcard packages/*.deb}

packages/custom-packages.tar.gz: ${CUSTOM_PKGS}
ifeq ($(strip $(CUSTOM_PKGS)),)
	tar czf $@ -C packages -T /dev/null
else
	tar czf $@ -C packages ${notdir $^}
endif

.INTERMEDIATE: OVMF_VARS.fd packages/custom-packages.tar.gz \
	seeds-flat.iso seeds-lvm.iso seeds-cloudimg.iso

开始自定义ubuntu镜像

custom-ubuntu2404-desktop-lvm.dd.gz

到了如下图时，一定要手工单击一下“install”

屏幕截图(12).png

屏幕截图(15).png

屏幕截图(14).png

屏幕截图(13).png

解压

gunzip custom-ubuntu2404-desktop-lvm.dd.gz

解压后得到的文件为custom-ubuntu2404-desktop-lvm.dd，此文件大小与qemu插件中设置的磁盘大小一样，本文中设置的是200GB，所以此文件也是200GB，kvm无法直接用这个格式的虚拟磁盘，还需要将其转换为qcow2格式

qemu-img convert -f raw -O qcow2 custom-ubuntu2404-desktop-lvm.dd custom-ubuntu2404-desktop-lvm.qcow2

转换后的qcow2文件，大小大大压缩了，只有6GB多

自定义ubuntu server 24.04（为maas）

这个很简单，关键是不用解压，也不用将文件转换为qcow2格式的，直接上传到maas服务器中，maas服务器自会处理，官方文档：MAAS | How to build an Ubuntu image

疑难解答

如果开启虚拟机后，并没有开始安装操作系统的过程，而是出现了一个shell窗口，这说明虚拟光驱没有正确加载iso镜像，检查qemu插件的基本配置