Navigating C++ and Object-Oriented Design

最新推荐文章于 2024-12-17 14:17:09 发布
原创 最新推荐文章于 2024-12-17 14:17:09 发布 · 528 阅读 · 0 ·
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#c++ #templates #overloading #namespaces #inheritance #exception

版权声明：原创作品，允许转载，转载时请务必以超链接形式标明文章原始出版、作者信息和本声明。否则将追究法律责任。 http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/topmvp - topmvp

If you're going to learn C++, learn it right! Navigating C++ and Object-Oriented Design teaches you ANSI C++ and object-oriented techniques together. This comprehensive tutorial reflects the authors' extensive experience teaching C++ to thousands of professional developers.

Through proven analogies and examples, the authors discuss such topics as containment, inheritance, overloading, templates, RTTI, exception handling, and the Standard Template Library. This book also covers the draft ANSI C++ standard -- including new features like bool, mutable, namespaces, member templates, explicit, export, auto_ptr, and nothrow versions of operator new and delete.


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Python 3.x ii python3-bcrypt 3.2.2-1build1 amd64 password hashing library for Python 3 ii python3-blinker 1.7.0-1 all Fast, simple object-to-object and broadcast signaling (Python3) ii python3-bpfcc 0.29.1+ds-1ubuntu7 all Python 3 wrappers for BPF Compiler Collection (BCC) ii python3-brlapi:amd64 6.6-4ubuntu5 amd64 Braille display access via BRLTTY - Python3 bindings ii python3-cairo 1.25.1-2build2 amd64 Python3 bindings for the Cairo vector graphics library ii python3-certifi 2023.11.17-1 all root certificates for validating SSL certs and verifying TLS hosts (python3) ii python3-cffi-backend:amd64 1.16.0-2build1 amd64 Foreign Function Interface for Python 3 calling C code - runtime ii python3-chardet 5.2.0+dfsg-1 all Universal Character Encoding Detector (Python3) ii python3-click 8.1.6-2 all Wrapper around optparse for command line utilities - Python 3.x ii python3-colorama 0.4.6-4 all Cross-platform colored terminal text in Python - Python 3.x ii python3-commandnotfound 23.04.0 all Python 3 bindings for command-not-found. ii python3-configobj 5.0.8-3 all simple but powerful config file reader and writer for Python 3 ii python3-cryptography 41.0.7-4ubuntu0.1 amd64 Python library exposing cryptographic recipes and primitives (Python 3) ii python3-cups:amd64 2.0.1-5build6 amd64 Python3 bindings for CUPS ii python3-cupshelpers 1.5.18-1ubuntu9 all Python utility modules around the CUPS printing system ii python3-dateutil 2.8.2-3ubuntu1 all powerful extensions to the standard Python 3 datetime module ii python3-dbus 1.3.2-5build3 amd64 simple interprocess messaging system (Python 3 interface) ii python3-debconf 1.5.86ubuntu1 all interact with debconf from Python 3 ii python3-debian 0.1.49ubuntu2 all Python 3 modules to work with Debian-related data formats ii python3-defer 1.0.6-2.1ubuntu1 all Small framework for asynchronous programming (Python 3) ii python3-dev 3.12.3-0ubuntu2 amd64 header files and a static library for Python (default) ii python3-distro 1.9.0-1 all Linux OS platform information API ii python3-distro-info 1.7build1 all information about distributions' releases (Python 3 module) ii python3-distupgrade 1:24.04.26 all manage release upgrades ii python3-fasteners 0.18-2 all provides useful locks - 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<think>我们正在处理一个dpkg错误，具体是在处理ubuntu-drivers-common包时，预删除脚本（prerm）和安装后脚本（postinst）中分别调用了`py3clean`和`py3compile`，但系统找不到这两个命令，导致错误退出状态127（命令未找到）。 根据引用[2]和引用[3]，这个问题通常是因为`python3-minimal`包没有正确安装或损坏，导致`py3clean`和`py3compile`这两个脚本不可用。这两个工具由`python3-minimal`提供，用于清理和编译Python3的字节码缓存。 解决步骤： 1. **尝试重新安装`python3-minimal`包**：这是最直接的解决方法，因为`py3clean`和`py3compile`由这个包提供。使用命令： ```bash sudo apt install --reinstall python3-minimal ``` 如果这个命令执行过程中遇到依赖问题，可以尝试先修复损坏的包： ```bash sudo apt --fix-broken install ``` 2. **如果上述步骤不能解决问题，尝试重新安装`python3`和`python3-apt`**：因为错误信息中涉及到`python3-apt`（引用[1]）以及`ubuntu-drivers-common`可能依赖的Python环境，我们可以扩展重新安装的包范围： ```bash sudo apt install --reinstall python3 python3-minimal python3-apt ``` 3. **清理并重新配置dpkg状态**：如果重新安装Python相关包后问题仍然存在，可以尝试清理dpkg的缓存和状态文件，然后重新配置： ```bash sudo dpkg --configure -a sudo apt update sudo apt upgrade ``` 4. **手动创建符号链接（备选）**：在极少数情况下，可能`py3clean`和`py3compile`的符号链接丢失。我们可以检查它们是否存在，并手动创建： ```bash # 检查文件是否存在 ls /usr/share/python3/py3clean.py ls /usr/share/python3/py3compile.py # 如果存在，创建符号链接到/usr/bin sudo ln -s /usr/share/python3/py3clean.py /usr/bin/py3clean sudo ln -s /usr/share/python3/py3compile.py /usr/bin/py3compile ``` 注意：在Ubuntu 22.04中，这两个工具通常位于`/usr/bin/`下，由`python3-minimal`包安装。如果重新安装包后它们应该被恢复，所以这一步通常不需要。 5. **最后，再次尝试安装有问题的包**： ```bash sudo apt install ubuntu-drivers-common ``` 注意：在执行上述操作时，确保系统是最新的，运行`sudo apt update`更新软件包列表。 引用[3]提供了直接重新安装`python3-minimal`的解决方案，这也是我们第一步推荐的操作。引用[2]解释了错误的原因，即prerm和postinst脚本调用了找不到的命令。 根据这些信息，我们给出以下具体步骤： ### 解决步骤详解： **步骤1：修复损坏的包（如果存在）** ```bash sudo apt --fix-broken install ``` **步骤2：重新安装python3-minimal** ```bash sudo apt install --reinstall python3-minimal ``` **步骤3：重新安装相关的Python包** ```bash sudo apt install --reinstall python3 python3-apt ``` **步骤4：清理dpkg的状态并更新** ```bash sudo dpkg --configure -a sudo apt update sudo apt upgrade ``` **步骤5：再次尝试安装或升级包** ```bash sudo apt install ubuntu-drivers-common ``` 如果上述步骤成功，问题应该被解决。 ### 注意事项： - 在执行这些命令时，可能需要管理员权限（sudo）。 - 如果系统中有多个Python版本，请确保默认的Python3指向正确的版本（通常通过`update-alternatives`配置）。 ### 相关问题： 1. 如何修复Ubuntu系统中其他与Python相关的dpkg错误？ 2. 在修复Python环境时，如何避免破坏系统依赖？ 3. 如果`apt --fix-broken install`失败，有哪些替代方法可以恢复系统包管理？</think>### 解决 dpkg 错误：py3clean 和 py3compile 未找到 #### 问题分析 错误信息显示在安装 `ubuntu-drivers-common` 包时，系统无法找到 `py3clean` 和 `py3compile` 命令： ```bash /var/lib/dpkg/info/ubuntu-drivers-common.prerm: 6: py3clean: not found ... /var/lib/dpkg/info/ubuntu-drivers-common.postinst: 23: py3compile: not found ``` 这些关键工具由 `python3-minimal` 包提供[^2][^3]，主要用于： 1. `py3clean`：清理 Python 字节码缓存（`.pyc` 文件） 2. `py3compile`：编译 Python 字节码缓存 它们的缺失表明 Python 环境损坏或关键组件未正确安装。 --- ### 修复步骤 #### 1. 重新安装 Python 核心组件 ```bash sudo apt install --reinstall python3-minimal python3 python3-apt ``` 此命令将恢复 `py3clean` 和 `py3compile` 工具（位于 `/usr/bin/`）[^3]。 #### 2. 修复损坏的依赖关系 ```bash sudo apt --fix-broken install ``` 此操作会自动检测并修复包依赖问题[^1]。 #### 3. 强制完成中断的安装 ```bash sudo dpkg --configure -a sudo apt update sudo apt upgrade ``` #### 4. 手动验证工具恢复 检查工具是否已存在： ```bash ls /usr/bin/py3clean ls /usr/bin/py3compile ``` 正常应显示： ``` /usr/bin/py3clean /usr/bin/py3compile ``` #### 5. 重新尝试安装问题包 ```bash sudo apt install --reinstall ubuntu-drivers-common ``` --- ### 预防措施 1. **避免手动删除 Python 文件** 系统级 Python 组件（如 `python3-minimal`）由 APT 管理，手动删除会导致依赖链断裂。 2. **谨慎使用第三方 Python 安装** 若使用 Anaconda 或手动编译 Python（如引用[4]的 Python 3.7.4），避免替换系统默认的 `/usr/bin/python3`。 3. **关键组件保护列表** 以下包不应强制卸载： ```bash python3-minimal # 提供 py3clean/py3compile python3-apt # APT 的 Python 接口 python3-distutils # Python 工具链基础 ``` --- ### 技术说明 当执行 `sudo apt install package` 时： 1. **pre-removal 脚本** (`prerm`) 调用 `py3clean` 清理旧版本 2. **post-install 脚本** (`postinst`) 调用 `py3compile` 编译新版本 3. 若这些工具缺失，dpkg 会返回错误码 127（命令未找到）[^2] 修复后验证 Python 环境： ```bash $ python3 -c "import apt; print(apt.__version__)" # 应输出类似 2.6.0 的版本号 ``` ---
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