单例，枚举，反射，序列化--effectiveJava读书笔记

最新推荐文章于 2024-04-12 11:27:04 发布

原创最新推荐文章于 2024-04-12 11:27:04 发布 · 1.2k 阅读

3 ·

CC 4.0 BY-SA版权

wzj 专栏收录该内容

84 篇文章

订阅专栏

本文深入探讨了单例模式的破坏方法，包括序列化、反射、克隆等，并提出了使用枚举类型作为替代方案以确保单例模式的有效性。

摘要生成于 C知道，由 DeepSeek-R1 满血版支持，前往体验 >

先看一个单例：

public class Singleton{
	private final static Singleton INSTANCE  = new Singleton();
	private Singleton(){};
	public static Singleton getInstance(){return INSTANCE;}
}

我们用序列化来打破单例

public class Singleton implements Serializable{
	private final static Singleton INSTANCE  = new Singleton();
	private Singleton(){};
	public static Singleton getInstance(){return INSTANCE;}
	
	public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
		Singleton s1 = Singleton.getInstance();
		File objectF = new File("/object");
		ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(objectF));
		out.writeObject(s1);
		out.close();
		ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream(objectF));
		Singleton s2 = (Singleton) in.readObject();
		in.close();
		System.out.println("是单例么？" + (s1 == s2));
	}
}

将会打印：

是单例么？false。

可见我们可以这样破坏其单例属性。要保持应该怎么办呢？需要增加readResolve方法，Java反序列化的时候会用这个方法的返回值直接代替序列化得到的对象

public class Singleton implements Serializable{
	private final static Singleton INSTANCE  = new Singleton();
	private Singleton(){};
	public static Singleton getInstance(){return INSTANCE;}
		
	private Object readResolve() {
		return INSTANCE;
	}
	
	public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
		Singleton s1 = Singleton.getInstance();
		File objectF = new File("/object");
		ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(objectF));
		out.writeObject(s1);
		out.close();
		ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream(objectF));
		Singleton s2 = (Singleton) in.readObject();
		in.close();
		System.out.println("是单例么？" + (s1 == s2));
	}
}

打印：

是单例么？true

我们再通过反射来打破其的单例性：

public class Singleton{
	private final static Singleton INSTANCE  = new Singleton();
	private Singleton(){};
	public static Singleton getInstance(){return INSTANCE;}
	
	public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException, ClassNotFoundException, SecurityException, NoSuchMethodException, IllegalArgumentException, InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
		Singleton s1 = Singleton.getInstance();
		Constructor<Singleton> c = Singleton.class.getDeclaredConstructor();
		c.setAccessible(true);
		Singleton s2 = c.newInstance();
		System.out.println("是单例么？" + (s1 == s2));
	}
}

将会打印：

是单例么？false。

说明使用反射调用私有构造器也是可以破坏单例的,解决的办法是如下：

public class Singleton{
	private final static Singleton INSTANCE  = new Singleton();
	private Singleton(){
		if(++COUNT > 1){
			throw new RuntimeException("can not be construt more than once");
		}
	};
	private static int COUNT = 0;
	public static Singleton getInstance(){
		return INSTANCE;
	}
}

这样当使用反射调用的时候，就会抛出异常。

再用clone来破坏单例性

public class Singleton implements Cloneable{
	private final static Singleton INSTANCE  = new Singleton();
	public static Singleton getInstance(){
		return INSTANCE;
	}
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Singleton s1 = Singleton.getInstance();
		Singleton s2 = (Singleton) s1.clone();
		System.out.println("是单例么？" + (s1 == s2));
	}
}

这样也会发现不是单例了，办法是重新clone方法。

public class Singleton implements Cloneable{
	private final static Singleton INSTANCE  = new Singleton();
	public static Singleton getInstance(){
		return INSTANCE;
	}
	
	@Override
	protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
		return INSTANCE;
	}
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Singleton s1 = Singleton.getInstance();
		Singleton s2 = (Singleton) s1.clone();
		System.out.println("是单例么？" + (s1 == s2));
	}
}

如果想要比较简便的避免上诉的问题，最好的方式是使用枚举：

public enum SingleEnum {
	INSTANCE;
	
	public static SingleEnum getInstance(){
		return INSTANCE;
	}
}

其通过反射会抛出如下异常：

java.lang.NoSuchMethodException: com.price.effective.create.SingleEnum.<init>()

通过反序列化其也会返回INSTANCE对象。

其没有clone方法

综上，Enum可以作为想用单例时的第一选择。