本书《As a Man Thinking》深入探讨了自我帮助写作的核心理念：思想塑造性格和环境。作者James Allen揭示了一个普遍的误解——我们能够完全控制自己的思想，并讨论了意识与潜意识之间的互动如何影响我们的行动和成就。
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Ancient（古代的，古老的） Greek（希腊的） philosopher（哲学家） Aristotle（亚里士多德） viewed（n.景色,风景,观点,见解,观察,观看,意见,认为 vt.观察,观看） laughter as “a bodily exercise（练习） precious（宝贵的，珍贵的） to health.” But _____some claims（n.要求;认领;主张;断言;vt.要求;认领;索赔;声称;主张） to the contrary（相反的）, laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does _____short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels（n.船只;容器;器皿;血管;导管）, ____ heart rate and oxygen consumption（消费） But because hard laughter is difficult to ____, a good laugh is unlikely to have _____ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging（[jog] n.轻推,轻撞,漫步 v.轻推,(使)蹒跚行进,(使)慢跑） does.
____, instead of straining（使劲，用力，拉紧） muscles（肌肉） to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently（表面上，似乎，显然的） accomplishes（完成） the ____, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate（显示，指示，指出） that laughter. muscles,
Such bodily reaction（反应，反作用） might conceivably（想得到地，想像上，令人信服的） help____the effects（n.效果;印象;vt.招致;引起;完成;v.效果;结果;影响） of psychological（心理学的） stress.Anyway,the act（行为，动作） of laughing probably does produce other types of ______feedback（反馈，回复）,that improve an individual’s（个人的） emotional state. ______one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially（部分的） rooted _______ physical reactions（反应，反作用，反馈）. It was argued（争论） at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.
Although sadness also _______ tears,evidence（根据，证据） suggests that emotions can flow _____ muscular（强壮的，肌肉发达的，有力的） responses.In an experiment（实验） published in 1988,social psychologist（心理学者） Fritz（德国人）.
1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like
2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce
3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining
4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe
5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable
6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief
7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected
8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes
9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance
10．[A]physical [B]mentl [C]subconscious [D]internal
11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for
12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at
13．[A]unless [B]until C]if [D]because
14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses
15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond
16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold
17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent
18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted
19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing
20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
The decision（决定，决心，决策） of the New York Philharmonic（音乐爱好者） to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director（指挥者，导演） has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement（宣布） of his appointment（任命，职位，约定） in 2009. For the most part, the response（反应，回答） has been favorable（赞成的，称许的）, to say the least（最少的）. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided（镇定不乱的） classical-music critic（批评家）.
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively（比较的，相当的） little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated（鼓吹，主张，支持，拥护） Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious（谦逊的） musician with no air of the formidable（强大的，可怕的） conductor（领队，指挥） about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra（n.管弦乐队;vt.命令;定购） that has hitherto（迄今，至今） been led（[lead]） by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck（受罢工影响的） at least some Times readers as faint（n.昏厥;昏倒;a.微弱的;无力的;模糊的;vi.昏倒;变得微弱） praise（n.赞美;称赞;崇拜;vt.称赞;归荣誉於;赞美;吹捧;vi.赞扬;表扬）.
For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions（作品，作文，作曲）, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral（管弦乐） music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.
Devoted（投入于，献身） concertgoers（常参加音乐会者） who reply that recordings are no substitute（代理，代替） for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists（器乐家） must compete（竞争） not only with opera houses, dance troupes（剧团）, theater companies, and museums（博物馆）, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available（可用的，通用的） everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic（艺术的） quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed”（耗尽，消费，用光） at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus（如此，因而） brought about a crisis（危机，危险期） in the institution（建立，设立，公共机构） of the traditional classical concert（音乐会）.
One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive（有吸引力的） new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable（有才能的，有能力的） of turning the Philharmonic（音乐爱好者） into “a markedly（明显地） different, more vibrant（a. 振动的, 战栗的, 响亮的, 活跃的） organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely（仅仅，只不过） expanding（vt.展开;扩大;扩充;发展膨胀;扩张;张开;展开;使膨胀;使扩张;张开） the orchestra’s（管弦乐队） repertoire（全部曲目） will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.
21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has
[A]incurred criticism. [B]raised suspicion. [C]received acclaim. [D]aroused curiosity.
22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is
[A]influential. [B]modest. [C]respectable. [D]talented.
23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers
[A]ignore the expenses of live performances. [B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.
[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances. [D]overestimate the value of live performances.
24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?
[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.
[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.
[C]They help improve the quality of music. [D]They have only covered masterpieces.
25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels
[A]doubtful. [B]enthusiastic. [C]confident. [D]puzzled.
Text 2
When Liam McGee departed（离开，放弃） as president（总统） of Bank of America in August, his explanation（解释，说明） was surprisingly straight up（真的，确实）. Rather than cloaking（n.斗蓬;宽大外衣;掩护;vt.遮掩;隐匿;披斗蓬） his exit（出口） in the usual vague（含糊的，不清楚的） excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue（vt.追赶;追踪;追捕;追随;追求;实行;继续;从事;vi.追赶;继续） my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition（野心，大志） was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board（n.委员会;理事会;董事会;委员会;司;局;厅;木板;黑板;v.提供膳宿;搭伙;登上） of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on（思考;反省;对…有影响;有损於…） what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations（热望，渴望）. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives（n.行政人员;行政部门;总经理;董事;a.执行的;行政的） at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation（解释） that they were looking for a CEO post（n.柱,邮件,岗位,职位,邮政;vt.张贴,揭示,邮递,布置;vi.快速旅行;adv.加速地;）. As boards（n.委员会;理事会;董事会;委员会;司;局;厅;木板;黑板;v.提供膳宿;搭伙;登上） scrutinize（详细检查） succession plans in response to shareholder（股东） pressure, executives who don’t get the nod（点头） also may wish to move on. A turbulent（狂暴的，吵闹的） business environment also has senior （n.年长者;前辈;大学高年级学生。;a.年长的;资格较老的;地位较高的）managers（n.管理器;经理;管理人员;干事;董事） cautious（谨慎的，小心的） of letting vague（含糊的） pronouncements（宣告） cloud their reputations（名誉）.
As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy（代理人，代表） chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover（n.翻覆;翻折;半圆卷饼;营业额;流通量;周转;a.翻折的领子） was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with（和。。。在一起） the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy（经济，节俭） picks up, opportunities will abound（大量，丰富） for aspiring（积极的，热心的） leaders.
The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional（非传统的）. For years executives(n.行政人员;行政部门;总经理;董事;a.执行的;行政的) and headhunters have adhered(vi.依附;粘著;坚持) to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates(候选人） are the ones who must be poached（vt.水煮(荷包蛋);偷猎;侵入;偷得;vi.偷猎;陷入泥中）. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed（vt.教;教育;通知;指示;命令） me to look at sitting CEOs first.”
Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities（日用品，商品） exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions（大志，雄心） to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution（建立，设立，公共机构） three years later.
Many recruiters（招聘人员） say the old disgrace（耻辱，丢脸的事） is fading（衰退） for top performers（执行者，表演者）. The financial crisis（危机） has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally（根本上，从根本上） inverted（反向的，倒转的）,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”
Text 3
The rough（n.粗糙的东西;毛坯;未加工品;梗概;草图;暴徒;艰难;a.粗糙的;粗暴的;蓬乱的） guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials（广告，商品化的） and print advertisements（广告） – still play a major role, companies today can exploit（功劳，功绩，剥削，开发，利用） many alternative（二者选一） forms（形式，表单） of media. Consumers passionate（热情的，易怒的） about a product（产品） may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts（警惕，提防） about products and sales to customers registered（注册） with its Web site. The way consumers now approach（方法，途径，靠近） the broad（宽阔，主要） range（n.范围;行列;射程;vt.排列;归类於;使并列;放牧;vi.平行;延伸;排;行;山脉） of factors beyond conventional（常规的，惯例的） paid media.
Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting（促进，提升） their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator（创始人，发起人） for users’ responses（反应，回答，响应）. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance（n.例子;事例;实例;场合;情况;vt.举…为例;引证;用例子说明）, when an e-commerce retailer（零售商人） sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content（n.内容;满足;意义;要旨;a.满足的;满意的;意义的;vt.使…满足） or e-commerce engines（引擎，发动机） within that environment. This trend（趋势） ,which we believe is still in its infancy（幼年，初期）, effectively began with retailers and travel（n.旅行;游历;进行;vi.旅行;行进;移动;被传播;vt.旅行;通行於;使移动） providers（供就者） such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property（财产，资产） that promotes（促进，提升，发起） complementary（补充的） and even competitive（竞争的） products. Besides generating（产生的，生成的） income, the presence（出席，面前，存在，态度） of other marketers makes the site seem objective（客观的，目的）, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal（呼吁，要求，吸引力） of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand（vt.展开;扩大;扩充;发展膨胀;扩张;张开;展开;使膨胀;使扩张;张开） user traffic for all companies concerned（关心的）.
The same dramatic（戏剧性的） technological changes that have provided（提供） marketers with more (and more diverse（不一样的，种种的)) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate(热情的，易怒的） consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible（看得见的，明显的）, and much more damaging（损害） ways. Such hijacked（抢劫） media are the opposite（对立面） of earned media: an asset（资产，有用的东西） or campaign（战役，运动，活动） becomes hostage（人质，抵押品） to consumers, other stakeholders（赌金保管者）, or activists（活跃分子） who make negative allegations（n.指控;硬说;断言;主张;陈述;辩护;理由） about a brand（n.商标;烙印;污名;v.打上烙印;铭记;玷污） or product. Members of social networks, for instance（例子）, are learning that they can hijack media to apply（申请，要求，运用） pressure on the businesses that originally（本来，原来） created them.
If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade（劝，说服，请相信） others to boycott（拒绝购买，抵制） products, putting the reputation（名誉） of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently（足够的，充分的） quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve（曲线，弯曲） has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated（减轻） some of the damage from its recall crisis（危机） earlier this year with a relatively（相对的） quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign（战役，活动）, which included efforts to engage（vt.使从事於;使忙著;使订婚;雇用;聘;接合;啮合;vi.从事於;参加） with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.
Text 4
It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful（富有洞察力的，有深刻见解的）, provocative（刺激物，挑拨物，兴奋济） magazine（n.杂志;期刊;仓库;弹药库;弹仓;弹匣） cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing（唤醒，引起，鼓励） much chatter（饶舌，喋喋不休） – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing（培养） is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable（痛苦）, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured（n.尺寸;大小;量度的单位;标准;量度器;措施;vt.量;测量;打量;估量;衡量） by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising（升起，举起，饲养） kids can be soul-crushingly（支离破碎的） hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen（弄湿，丧气） our moods（心情） can later be sources（来源，引起） of intense（非常的，强列的，紧张的） gratification（满足，喜悦） and delight（高兴，愉快）.”
The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands（n.报摊;杂志摊） this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive（收养关系的，采用的） – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant（怀孕的）” news. Practically（实际上，事实上） every week features at least one celebrity（名声，名人） mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.
In a society（社会，团体） that so persistently（固执地，持续地） celebrates procreation（生产，生殖）, is it any wonder（n.惊奇;惊异;奇迹;奇观;vt.想知道;vi.对…感到惊奇;惊叹） that admitting（允许） you regret（遗憾，悔恨） having children is equivalent（同等物，等价物） to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite（十分，完全） fair（公平的 ，清楚的）, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely（很少的，难得的） are provoked（挑衅，激怒，招惹） to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks（n.人们;家属;亲属;a.民间的） are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously（明显地） their misery must be a direct result of the gaping（多洞穴的） baby-size holes in their lives.
Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present（n.礼物;礼品;赠品;a.目前的;现在的;出席的;在场的;v.赠送;呈现;提出;提交） is hugely unrealistic（不现实的）, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.
It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb（哑的，无声的，沉默的） enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous（富有魅力的，迷人的）: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing（提高，加强） parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious（潜在意识，潜意识r ） way contributing to our own dissatisfactions（不满，不平） with the actual（实际的，现实的） experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] No disciplines（纪律，风纪，教养，学科） have seized（vt.抓住;逮住;夺取;占领;没收;查封;理解;掌握;vi.抓住;利用） on professionalism（职业特性，职业化） with as much enthusiasm（热情，热心） as the humanities（人类，人性，仁慈）. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral（博士的） degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.
[B] His concern（n.关系关心;挂念;vt.涉及;关系到;使关心;挂念） is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy（哲学，人生观） and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding（底子,基础） in the basic canon（教会法规，准则） of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue（胶，胶水）.
[C] Equally（相等的） unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded（n.奖品;决定;判决;vt.颁发;赏给） more bachelor’s（单身汉，学士学位） degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession（职业，表白，声明） to do something for which they have not been trained.
[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses（n.课程;路线;过程;一道菜;道路;v.追;(使)跑） is that they can cut across（抄近路穿过;对直通过） the insistence（坚持） by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties（多种多样的）. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist（专门医师，专家） liberal-arts degree before embarking（vi.乘船;著手;从事;上飞机;vt.使上船;使上飞机;使从事） on a professional qualification（合格条件，资格，限制）.
[E] Besides professionalizing（专门化，使专业化） the professions（职业，表白，声明，公开宣布） by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor（专家）. The growth in public money for academic（a.专科院校的;研究院的;学会的;学术的;理论的） research has speeded the process: federal（联邦的） research grants（v.给予;提供;许可;答应;承认;姑且承认;假定） rose fourfold（四重的，四倍的） between 1960and 1990, but faculty（n.才能;本领;学院;系;全体教学人员） teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll（n.损失;伤亡;收费;过桥费;通行费;钟声;丧钟;代价;牺牲;伤亡人数）. Professionalism has turned the acquisition（获得，添加物） of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite（首要事物，必要条件） for a successful academic career（经历，生涯，专业，职业）: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues（争辩） Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular（n.细节;细目;详情;a.特别的;特殊的;详细的;挑剔的;苛求的） specialization（特别化，特殊化，专门化） are transmissible（能递送的，可传递的） but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly（垄断，专卖权，独占事业） not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.
[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes（vi.结束;终结;vt.推断;断定;缔结;议定;结束;终结;决定） Mr Menand, is to alter（改变，更改） the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached（分开，分离） from the societies（社会，团体） which they study, investigate（调查，研究） and criticize（批评）.”Academic inquiry（询问，探查）, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic（整体的，全盘的）.”Yet quite（十分，完全） how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.
[G] The subtle（a.敏感的;精细的;狡猾的;稀薄的;精巧的;微妙的） and intelligent（聪明的） little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance（抵抗） in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious（好奇的） has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.
G → 41. → 42. →E → 43. → 44. →45.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver（织布工）,” creating our inner（内部的，思想的，精神的） character（n.性格;品质特性;特徵;人物;角色;字符;字） and outer（外部的） circumstances（情况，形势）, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration（探险） of the central（中心的，中央的） idea of self-help writing.
(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption（假定，假设，认为） we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore（因此，所以） control our thoughts-and reveal（n.窗侧;门侧;vt.露出;显示;透露;揭露;泄露;(神)启示） its erroneous（错误的，不正确的） nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter（n.物质;麻烦;毛病;事情;问题;内容;素材;vi.有关系;要紧）, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious（失去知觉的，不省人事的） mind generates（发生，产生） as much action（动作，作用） as the conscious（有意识的） mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain（承受，支持） the illusion（幻觉，想像） of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually（不断的，频繁的） faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve（完成，达到） that? ”
Since desire（n.愿望;心愿;请求;要求;vt.愿望;期望;希望;要求;请求） and will are damaged by the presence（n.出席;面前;存在;风度;态度） of thoughts that do not accord（n.v.一致;符合;和谐;协调;给予;使一致;自愿;主动） with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract（吸引，引起） what we want, but what we are.” Achievement（完成，达到，成就，成绩） happens because you as a person embody（具体表达，使具体化） the external（外部的，外面的） achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap（n.间距;通用汇编程序;缝隙;缺口;间断;vt.打开缺口;造成缝隙;vi.豁开） between mind and matter.
Part of the fame（名声，名望） of Allen’s book is its contention（争论，争辩） that “Circumstances（情况，情形) do not make a person, they reveal(n.窗侧;门侧;vt.露出;显示;透露;揭露;泄露;(神)启示) him.” (48) This seems a justification(辩护，释罪） for neglect（n.忽视;疏忽;漏做;vt.忽视;疏忽;漏做） of those in need, and a rationalization（合理化） of exploitation（开发，开采）, of the superiority（优势，优越） of those at the top and the inferiority（下等，下级，下位，劣等） of those at the bottom（底部）.
This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction（反应，反作用） to a subtle（a.敏感的;精细的;狡猾的;稀薄的;精巧的;微妙的） argument. Each set of circumstances（情况）, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined（vt.决定;决心;确定;限定;测定;使决定;vi.决定;决心） the life and prospects（n.景色;希望;展望;vt.勘探;寻找;vi.勘探;有前途） of people, then humanity would never have progressed（前进，进步）. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious（有意识的） effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless（然而，不过）, as any biographer（传记作者） knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.
The sobering（使清醒的，使冷静的） aspect（外观，方面） of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame（n.过错;责任;vt.责备;责怪;把…归咎於） for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts（n.专家;能手;a.熟练的;有经验的;专门的;内行的） in the array of limitations（限制，限度）, now we become authorities（权力，权威） of what is possible.
Directions:
Ancient（古代的，古老的） Greek（希腊的） philosopher（哲学家） Aristotle（亚里士多德） viewed（n.景色,风景,观点,见解,观察,观看,意见,认为 vt.观察,观看） laughter as “a bodily exercise（练习） precious（宝贵的，珍贵的） to health.” But _____some claims（n.要求;认领;主张;断言;vt.要求;认领;索赔;声称;主张） to the contrary（相反的）, laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does _____short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels（n.船只;容器;器皿;血管;导管）, ____ heart rate and oxygen consumption（消费） But because hard laughter is difficult to ____, a good laugh is unlikely to have _____ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging（[jog] n.轻推,轻撞,漫步 v.轻推,(使)蹒跚行进,(使)慢跑） does.
____, instead of straining（使劲，用力，拉紧） muscles（肌肉） to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently（表面上，似乎，显然的） accomplishes（完成） the ____, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate（显示，指示，指出） that laughter. muscles,
Such bodily reaction（反应，反作用） might conceivably（想得到地，想像上，令人信服的） help____the effects（n.效果;印象;vt.招致;引起;完成;v.效果;结果;影响） of psychological（心理学的） stress.Anyway,the act（行为，动作） of laughing probably does produce other types of ______feedback（反馈，回复）,that improve an individual’s（个人的） emotional state. ______one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially（部分的） rooted _______ physical reactions（反应，反作用，反馈）. It was argued（争论） at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.
Although sadness also _______ tears,evidence（根据，证据） suggests that emotions can flow _____ muscular（强壮的，肌肉发达的，有力的） responses.In an experiment（实验） published in 1988,social psychologist（心理学者） Fritz（德国人）.
1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like
2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce
3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining
4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe
5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable
6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief
7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected
8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes
9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance
10．[A]physical [B]mentl [C]subconscious [D]internal
11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for
12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at
13．[A]unless [B]until C]if [D]because
14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses
15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond
16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold
17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent
18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted
19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing
20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
The decision（决定，决心，决策） of the New York Philharmonic（音乐爱好者） to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director（指挥者，导演） has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement（宣布） of his appointment（任命，职位，约定） in 2009. For the most part, the response（反应，回答） has been favorable（赞成的，称许的）, to say the least（最少的）. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided（镇定不乱的） classical-music critic（批评家）.
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively（比较的，相当的） little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated（鼓吹，主张，支持，拥护） Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious（谦逊的） musician with no air of the formidable（强大的，可怕的） conductor（领队，指挥） about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra（n.管弦乐队;vt.命令;定购） that has hitherto（迄今，至今） been led（[lead]） by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck（受罢工影响的） at least some Times readers as faint（n.昏厥;昏倒;a.微弱的;无力的;模糊的;vi.昏倒;变得微弱） praise（n.赞美;称赞;崇拜;vt.称赞;归荣誉於;赞美;吹捧;vi.赞扬;表扬）.
For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions（作品，作文，作曲）, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral（管弦乐） music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.
Devoted（投入于，献身） concertgoers（常参加音乐会者） who reply that recordings are no substitute（代理，代替） for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists（器乐家） must compete（竞争） not only with opera houses, dance troupes（剧团）, theater companies, and museums（博物馆）, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available（可用的，通用的） everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic（艺术的） quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed”（耗尽，消费，用光） at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus（如此，因而） brought about a crisis（危机，危险期） in the institution（建立，设立，公共机构） of the traditional classical concert（音乐会）.
One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive（有吸引力的） new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable（有才能的，有能力的） of turning the Philharmonic（音乐爱好者） into “a markedly（明显地） different, more vibrant（a. 振动的, 战栗的, 响亮的, 活跃的） organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely（仅仅，只不过） expanding（vt.展开;扩大;扩充;发展膨胀;扩张;张开;展开;使膨胀;使扩张;张开） the orchestra’s（管弦乐队） repertoire（全部曲目） will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.
21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has
[A]incurred criticism. [B]raised suspicion. [C]received acclaim. [D]aroused curiosity.
22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is
[A]influential. [B]modest. [C]respectable. [D]talented.
23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers
[A]ignore the expenses of live performances. [B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.
[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances. [D]overestimate the value of live performances.
24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?
[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.
[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.
[C]They help improve the quality of music. [D]They have only covered masterpieces.
25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels
[A]doubtful. [B]enthusiastic. [C]confident. [D]puzzled.
Text 2
When Liam McGee departed（离开，放弃） as president（总统） of Bank of America in August, his explanation（解释，说明） was surprisingly straight up（真的，确实）. Rather than cloaking（n.斗蓬;宽大外衣;掩护;vt.遮掩;隐匿;披斗蓬） his exit（出口） in the usual vague（含糊的，不清楚的） excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue（vt.追赶;追踪;追捕;追随;追求;实行;继续;从事;vi.追赶;继续） my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition（野心，大志） was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board（n.委员会;理事会;董事会;委员会;司;局;厅;木板;黑板;v.提供膳宿;搭伙;登上） of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on（思考;反省;对…有影响;有损於…） what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations（热望，渴望）. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives（n.行政人员;行政部门;总经理;董事;a.执行的;行政的） at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation（解释） that they were looking for a CEO post（n.柱,邮件,岗位,职位,邮政;vt.张贴,揭示,邮递,布置;vi.快速旅行;adv.加速地;）. As boards（n.委员会;理事会;董事会;委员会;司;局;厅;木板;黑板;v.提供膳宿;搭伙;登上） scrutinize（详细检查） succession plans in response to shareholder（股东） pressure, executives who don’t get the nod（点头） also may wish to move on. A turbulent（狂暴的，吵闹的） business environment also has senior （n.年长者;前辈;大学高年级学生。;a.年长的;资格较老的;地位较高的）managers（n.管理器;经理;管理人员;干事;董事） cautious（谨慎的，小心的） of letting vague（含糊的） pronouncements（宣告） cloud their reputations（名誉）.
As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy（代理人，代表） chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover（n.翻覆;翻折;半圆卷饼;营业额;流通量;周转;a.翻折的领子） was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with（和。。。在一起） the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy（经济，节俭） picks up, opportunities will abound（大量，丰富） for aspiring（积极的，热心的） leaders.
The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional（非传统的）. For years executives(n.行政人员;行政部门;总经理;董事;a.执行的;行政的) and headhunters have adhered(vi.依附;粘著;坚持) to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates(候选人） are the ones who must be poached（vt.水煮(荷包蛋);偷猎;侵入;偷得;vi.偷猎;陷入泥中）. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed（vt.教;教育;通知;指示;命令） me to look at sitting CEOs first.”
Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities（日用品，商品） exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions（大志，雄心） to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution（建立，设立，公共机构） three years later.
Many recruiters（招聘人员） say the old disgrace（耻辱，丢脸的事） is fading（衰退） for top performers（执行者，表演者）. The financial crisis（危机） has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally（根本上，从根本上） inverted（反向的，倒转的）,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”
Text 3
The rough（n.粗糙的东西;毛坯;未加工品;梗概;草图;暴徒;艰难;a.粗糙的;粗暴的;蓬乱的） guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials（广告，商品化的） and print advertisements（广告） – still play a major role, companies today can exploit（功劳，功绩，剥削，开发，利用） many alternative（二者选一） forms（形式，表单） of media. Consumers passionate（热情的，易怒的） about a product（产品） may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts（警惕，提防） about products and sales to customers registered（注册） with its Web site. The way consumers now approach（方法，途径，靠近） the broad（宽阔，主要） range（n.范围;行列;射程;vt.排列;归类於;使并列;放牧;vi.平行;延伸;排;行;山脉） of factors beyond conventional（常规的，惯例的） paid media.
Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting（促进，提升） their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator（创始人，发起人） for users’ responses（反应，回答，响应）. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance（n.例子;事例;实例;场合;情况;vt.举…为例;引证;用例子说明）, when an e-commerce retailer（零售商人） sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content（n.内容;满足;意义;要旨;a.满足的;满意的;意义的;vt.使…满足） or e-commerce engines（引擎，发动机） within that environment. This trend（趋势） ,which we believe is still in its infancy（幼年，初期）, effectively began with retailers and travel（n.旅行;游历;进行;vi.旅行;行进;移动;被传播;vt.旅行;通行於;使移动） providers（供就者） such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property（财产，资产） that promotes（促进，提升，发起） complementary（补充的） and even competitive（竞争的） products. Besides generating（产生的，生成的） income, the presence（出席，面前，存在，态度） of other marketers makes the site seem objective（客观的，目的）, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal（呼吁，要求，吸引力） of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand（vt.展开;扩大;扩充;发展膨胀;扩张;张开;展开;使膨胀;使扩张;张开） user traffic for all companies concerned（关心的）.
The same dramatic（戏剧性的） technological changes that have provided（提供） marketers with more (and more diverse（不一样的，种种的)) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate(热情的，易怒的） consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible（看得见的，明显的）, and much more damaging（损害） ways. Such hijacked（抢劫） media are the opposite（对立面） of earned media: an asset（资产，有用的东西） or campaign（战役，运动，活动） becomes hostage（人质，抵押品） to consumers, other stakeholders（赌金保管者）, or activists（活跃分子） who make negative allegations（n.指控;硬说;断言;主张;陈述;辩护;理由） about a brand（n.商标;烙印;污名;v.打上烙印;铭记;玷污） or product. Members of social networks, for instance（例子）, are learning that they can hijack media to apply（申请，要求，运用） pressure on the businesses that originally（本来，原来） created them.
If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade（劝，说服，请相信） others to boycott（拒绝购买，抵制） products, putting the reputation（名誉） of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently（足够的，充分的） quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve（曲线，弯曲） has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated（减轻） some of the damage from its recall crisis（危机） earlier this year with a relatively（相对的） quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign（战役，活动）, which included efforts to engage（vt.使从事於;使忙著;使订婚;雇用;聘;接合;啮合;vi.从事於;参加） with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.
Text 4
It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful（富有洞察力的，有深刻见解的）, provocative（刺激物，挑拨物，兴奋济） magazine（n.杂志;期刊;仓库;弹药库;弹仓;弹匣） cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing（唤醒，引起，鼓励） much chatter（饶舌，喋喋不休） – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing（培养） is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable（痛苦）, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured（n.尺寸;大小;量度的单位;标准;量度器;措施;vt.量;测量;打量;估量;衡量） by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising（升起，举起，饲养） kids can be soul-crushingly（支离破碎的） hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen（弄湿，丧气） our moods（心情） can later be sources（来源，引起） of intense（非常的，强列的，紧张的） gratification（满足，喜悦） and delight（高兴，愉快）.”
The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands（n.报摊;杂志摊） this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive（收养关系的，采用的） – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant（怀孕的）” news. Practically（实际上，事实上） every week features at least one celebrity（名声，名人） mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.
In a society（社会，团体） that so persistently（固执地，持续地） celebrates procreation（生产，生殖）, is it any wonder（n.惊奇;惊异;奇迹;奇观;vt.想知道;vi.对…感到惊奇;惊叹） that admitting（允许） you regret（遗憾，悔恨） having children is equivalent（同等物，等价物） to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite（十分，完全） fair（公平的 ，清楚的）, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely（很少的，难得的） are provoked（挑衅，激怒，招惹） to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks（n.人们;家属;亲属;a.民间的） are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously（明显地） their misery must be a direct result of the gaping（多洞穴的） baby-size holes in their lives.
Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present（n.礼物;礼品;赠品;a.目前的;现在的;出席的;在场的;v.赠送;呈现;提出;提交） is hugely unrealistic（不现实的）, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.
It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb（哑的，无声的，沉默的） enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous（富有魅力的，迷人的）: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing（提高，加强） parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious（潜在意识，潜意识r ） way contributing to our own dissatisfactions（不满，不平） with the actual（实际的，现实的） experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] No disciplines（纪律，风纪，教养，学科） have seized（vt.抓住;逮住;夺取;占领;没收;查封;理解;掌握;vi.抓住;利用） on professionalism（职业特性，职业化） with as much enthusiasm（热情，热心） as the humanities（人类，人性，仁慈）. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral（博士的） degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.
[B] His concern（n.关系关心;挂念;vt.涉及;关系到;使关心;挂念） is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy（哲学，人生观） and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding（底子,基础） in the basic canon（教会法规，准则） of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue（胶，胶水）.
[C] Equally（相等的） unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded（n.奖品;决定;判决;vt.颁发;赏给） more bachelor’s（单身汉，学士学位） degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession（职业，表白，声明） to do something for which they have not been trained.
[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses（n.课程;路线;过程;一道菜;道路;v.追;(使)跑） is that they can cut across（抄近路穿过;对直通过） the insistence（坚持） by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties（多种多样的）. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist（专门医师，专家） liberal-arts degree before embarking（vi.乘船;著手;从事;上飞机;vt.使上船;使上飞机;使从事） on a professional qualification（合格条件，资格，限制）.
[E] Besides professionalizing（专门化，使专业化） the professions（职业，表白，声明，公开宣布） by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor（专家）. The growth in public money for academic（a.专科院校的;研究院的;学会的;学术的;理论的） research has speeded the process: federal（联邦的） research grants（v.给予;提供;许可;答应;承认;姑且承认;假定） rose fourfold（四重的，四倍的） between 1960and 1990, but faculty（n.才能;本领;学院;系;全体教学人员） teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll（n.损失;伤亡;收费;过桥费;通行费;钟声;丧钟;代价;牺牲;伤亡人数）. Professionalism has turned the acquisition（获得，添加物） of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite（首要事物，必要条件） for a successful academic career（经历，生涯，专业，职业）: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues（争辩） Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular（n.细节;细目;详情;a.特别的;特殊的;详细的;挑剔的;苛求的） specialization（特别化，特殊化，专门化） are transmissible（能递送的，可传递的） but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly（垄断，专卖权，独占事业） not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.
[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes（vi.结束;终结;vt.推断;断定;缔结;议定;结束;终结;决定） Mr Menand, is to alter（改变，更改） the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached（分开，分离） from the societies（社会，团体） which they study, investigate（调查，研究） and criticize（批评）.”Academic inquiry（询问，探查）, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic（整体的，全盘的）.”Yet quite（十分，完全） how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.
[G] The subtle（a.敏感的;精细的;狡猾的;稀薄的;精巧的;微妙的） and intelligent（聪明的） little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance（抵抗） in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious（好奇的） has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.
G → 41. → 42. →E → 43. → 44. →45.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver（织布工）,” creating our inner（内部的，思想的，精神的） character（n.性格;品质特性;特徵;人物;角色;字符;字） and outer（外部的） circumstances（情况，形势）, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration（探险） of the central（中心的，中央的） idea of self-help writing.
(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption（假定，假设，认为） we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore（因此，所以） control our thoughts-and reveal（n.窗侧;门侧;vt.露出;显示;透露;揭露;泄露;(神)启示） its erroneous（错误的，不正确的） nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter（n.物质;麻烦;毛病;事情;问题;内容;素材;vi.有关系;要紧）, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious（失去知觉的，不省人事的） mind generates（发生，产生） as much action（动作，作用） as the conscious（有意识的） mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain（承受，支持） the illusion（幻觉，想像） of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually（不断的，频繁的） faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve（完成，达到） that? ”
Since desire（n.愿望;心愿;请求;要求;vt.愿望;期望;希望;要求;请求） and will are damaged by the presence（n.出席;面前;存在;风度;态度） of thoughts that do not accord（n.v.一致;符合;和谐;协调;给予;使一致;自愿;主动） with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract（吸引，引起） what we want, but what we are.” Achievement（完成，达到，成就，成绩） happens because you as a person embody（具体表达，使具体化） the external（外部的，外面的） achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap（n.间距;通用汇编程序;缝隙;缺口;间断;vt.打开缺口;造成缝隙;vi.豁开） between mind and matter.
Part of the fame（名声，名望） of Allen’s book is its contention（争论，争辩） that “Circumstances（情况，情形) do not make a person, they reveal(n.窗侧;门侧;vt.露出;显示;透露;揭露;泄露;(神)启示) him.” (48) This seems a justification(辩护，释罪） for neglect（n.忽视;疏忽;漏做;vt.忽视;疏忽;漏做） of those in need, and a rationalization（合理化） of exploitation（开发，开采）, of the superiority（优势，优越） of those at the top and the inferiority（下等，下级，下位，劣等） of those at the bottom（底部）.
This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction（反应，反作用） to a subtle（a.敏感的;精细的;狡猾的;稀薄的;精巧的;微妙的） argument. Each set of circumstances（情况）, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined（vt.决定;决心;确定;限定;测定;使决定;vi.决定;决心） the life and prospects（n.景色;希望;展望;vt.勘探;寻找;vi.勘探;有前途） of people, then humanity would never have progressed（前进，进步）. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious（有意识的） effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless（然而，不过）, as any biographer（传记作者） knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.
The sobering（使清醒的，使冷静的） aspect（外观，方面） of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame（n.过错;责任;vt.责备;责怪;把…归咎於） for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts（n.专家;能手;a.熟练的;有经验的;专门的;内行的） in the array of limitations（限制，限度）, now we become authorities（权力，权威） of what is possible.
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