Statistics Basis

本文概述了信息技术领域的核心概念,包括条件概率、贝叶斯定理、独立性、方差、一元线性回归、最小二乘法、密度函数、分布、假设检验、估计区间等,并详细介绍了二项分布、正态分布、矩、偏差、协方差、相关系数等统计概念,同时涵盖了前端开发、后端开发、移动开发、游戏开发、大数据开发、AI音视频处理、测试、基础运维、DevOps、操作系统、云计算厂商、自然语言处理、区块链、隐私计算、文档协作与知识管理、版本控制、项目管理与协作工具、有监督学习、无监督学习、半监督学习、强化学习、数据安全、数据挖掘、数据结构、算法等细分技术领域。
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1.Conditional Probabilities

(the probability of A given B, '' means AND, '|' means given)


2.Bayes' Theorem(贝叶斯


e.g.

Selects one of the volunteers at random toask if she enjoyed playing the game, and she says she did. Given that the volunteer enjoyedplaying the game, what’s the probability that she played game 2?

P(Game2|Satisfied) = 0.2 x 0.7 / (0.2 x 0.7 + 0.8 x0.6) = 0.226


3.Independent(独立)

P(AB) = P(A)P(B)

If events A and B are independent, then theprobability of event A is unaffected by event B. i.e.P(A | B) = P(A)

4. Variance(方差)


5. Regression Line(一元线性回归)

y = a + bx(a为截距、偏置(bias))


6. Least Square(最小二乘方)

求回归系数,拟合方法 – 最小二乘估计:


7. 密度函数、分布函数


(F(x)是累积分布函数,即分布函数)

8. 分布

8.1.二项分布

贝努里试验:只有二个结果(如success和failure)的最简单试验

N重贝努里试验:贝努里试验独立重复n次,对应分布为二项分布

b(n,p),(q=1-p)

e.g. 一位射手打靶命中率为0.9,现进行6次打靶,则至少命中5次的概率为:


8.2.正态分布

标准正态分布N(0,1)

9. 矩

原点矩:,一阶原点矩即期望

中心矩:,二阶中心矩即方差

10. 偏差、协方差、相关系数

偏差:X-EX

协方差:Cov(X,Y) =E[(X-EX)(Y-EY)] = E(XY) – EXEY

相关系数:,= 0即不相关


11. 假设检验

Terms

Sample

原假设、备择假设

原H,备H1

检验统计量

Ex,H: Ex = 8,H1: Ex > 8

临界值c

X > c,拒绝H;X < c,保留H

拒绝域W、接受域A

假设H被拒绝的样本值集合为拒绝域

显著性水平a

“H为真但被错误拒绝”的概率,如0.05

参数检验、非参数检验

参数检验:总体分布已知,对参数假设检验

单边、双边检验

拒绝域W={x>=c}单边,W={x<=c1或x>=c2}双边


12. 估计区间

参数的真实值有一定概率(即置信水平)落在结果范围(置信区间)。

e.g. 大选中某人的支持率,置信水平0.95上的置信区间(Confidence interval)是(50%,60%),支持率有百分之九十五的机率落在百分之五十和百分之六十之间。


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[~HUAWEI]interface 40GE1/0/32 [~HUAWEI-40GE1/0/32]split 4 ^ Error: Unrecognized command found at '^' position. [~HUAWEI-40GE1/0/32]? Current view commands: abort Abort the configuration which committed on a trial basis als Set automatic laser shutdown am Port isolate arp Specify ARP configuration information authentication Authentication unified-mode bpdu BPDU message carrier Set carrier function cfm Connectivity fault management check Check version clear Clear configuration commit Commit the configuration to the system configuration Configuration interlock dcb Data Center Bridging dei Specify dei as drop precedence description Specify interface description device Device information dhcp Dynamic host configuration protocol dhcpv6 Dynamic host configuration protocol for IPv6 display Display current system information dldp Device Link Detection Protocol domain Default domain dot1x 802.1x authentication dual-active Dual-active detection efm Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) in the First Mile of Ethernet (EFM), which is defined in the 802.3ah enable Enable function erps Ethernet ring protection switching eth-trunk Add the interface into an Eth-Trunk fabric-port Fabric-Port interface fault-detect Port fault detection fcoe Specify FCoE configuration information fcoe-port Bind FCoE-Port interface flow-control Configure flow-control operation mode garp Generic Attribute Registration Protocol gvrp GARP VLAN Registration Protocol identity Identity ifg Interval frame gap igmp Specify IGMP parameters ip IP packet ip-subnet-vlan VLAN assignment based on IP subnet jumboframe Set jumbo frame l2protocol-tunnel Layer 2 protocol tunnel lacp Link aggregation control protocol lldp Link Layer Discovery Protocol loop-protect Configure the Layer 2 sub-interface to inherit loop status of the main interface loopback Configure port loopback loopback-detect Loopback detection m-lag Multi-chassis link aggregation group mac-address Mac-address mac-forced-forwarding MAC-Forced Forwarding mac-purge Mac purge configuration mac-vlan MAC-based VLAN mld Specify MLD parameters monitor Monitor multicast Multicast deny vlan netstream NetStream feature ping Send echo messages port Switch port port-isolate Port isolate port-mirroring Mirror feature port-security Port security port-status Port Status portswitch Switch port between router and switch mode protocol-vlan Protocol-based VLAN qinq 802.1Q in 802.1Q qos Quality of service quit Exit from the current command view recover Recover the state of the interface refresh Refresh candidate configuration reset Reset operation restart Restart the specified interface return Exit to user view rmon Specify RMON configuration rmon-statistics Specify RMON statistics run Execute command of user view set Set configuration sflow Sampled flow shutdown Shutdown the specified interface single-fiber Single-fiber communication mode smart-link Smart link configuration information stack-port Stack-Port interface statistics Statistics information storm Storm stp Specify Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) configuration information topology Topology change trace Trace route (switch) to host at the data link layer tracert Trace route to host traffic-filter Traffic filter traffic-mirroring Traffic mirror traffic-policy Apply specific traffic policy traffic-redirect Traffic redirect traffic-statistics Traffic statistics trap-threshold Set trap threshold trill Configure interface parameters for TRILL trust Specify trust parameters undo Cancel the current setting uplink-port Uplink port vlan Virtual LAN [~HUAWEI-40GE1/0/32]
最新发布
08-09
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