Django模型元数据Meta选项详解

class Meta:
        verbose_name = '文章'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

一些常见的元信息的例子：

 class Meta:
            # 数据库中生成的表名称 默认 app名称 + 下划线 + 类名
            db_table = "table_name"
            
            # 联合索引
            index_together = [
                ("pub_date", "deadline"),
            ]

            # 联合唯一索引
            unique_together = (("driver", "restaurant"),)
            
            # admin中显示的表名称
            verbose_name
            
            # verbose_name加s
            verbose_name_plural

多表关系和参数的例子：

ForeignKey(ForeignObject) # ForeignObject(RelatedField)
        to,                         # 要进行关联的表名
        to_field=None,              # 要关联的表中的字段名称
        on_delete=None,             # 当删除关联表中的数据时，当前表与其关联的行的行为
                                        - models.CASCADE，删除关联数据，与之关联也删除
                                        - models.DO_NOTHING，删除关联数据，引发错误IntegrityError
                                        - models.PROTECT，删除关联数据，引发错误ProtectedError
                                        - models.SET_NULL，删除关联数据，与之关联的值设置为null（前提FK字段需要设置为可空）
                                        - models.SET_DEFAULT，删除关联数据，与之关联的值设置为默认值（前提FK字段需要设置默认值）
                                        - models.SET，删除关联数据，
                                                      a. 与之关联的值设置为指定值，设置：models.SET(值)
                                                      b. 与之关联的值设置为可执行对象的返回值，设置：models.SET(可执行对象)
                                                        def func():
                                                            return 10
                                                        class MyModel(models.Model):
                                                            user = models.ForeignKey(
                                                                to="User",
                                                                to_field="id"
                                                                on_delete=models.SET(func),)
        related_name=None,          # 反向操作时，使用的字段名，用于代替 【表名_set】 如： obj.表名_set.all()
        related_query_name=None,    # 反向操作时，使用的连接前缀，用于替换【表名】     如： models.UserGroup.objects.filter(表名__字段名=1).values('表名__字段名')
        limit_choices_to=None,      # 在Admin或ModelForm中显示关联数据时，提供的条件：
                                    # 如：
                                            - limit_choices_to={'nid__gt': 5}
                                            - limit_choices_to=lambda : {'nid__gt': 5}
                                            from django.db.models import Q
                                            - limit_choices_to=Q(nid__gt=10)
                                            - limit_choices_to=Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)
                                            - limit_choices_to=lambda : Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption='root')
        db_constraint=True          # 是否在数据库中创建外键约束
        parent_link=False           # 在Admin中是否显示关联数据
    OneToOneField(ForeignKey)
        to,                         # 要进行关联的表名
        to_field=None               # 要关联的表中的字段名称
        on_delete=None,             # 当删除关联表中的数据时，当前表与其关联的行的行为
                                    ###### 对于一对一 ######
                                    # 1. 一对一其实就是 一对多 + 唯一索引
                                    # 2.当两个类之间有继承关系时，默认会创建一个一对一字段
                                    # 如下会在A表中额外增加一个c_ptr_id列且唯一：
                                            class C(models.Model):
                                                nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
                                                part = models.CharField(max_length=12)
                                            class A(C):
                                                id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
                                                code = models.CharField(max_length=1)
    ManyToManyField(RelatedField)
        to,                         # 要进行关联的表名
        related_name=None,          # 反向操作时，使用的字段名，用于代替 【表名_set】 如： obj.表名_set.all()
        related_query_name=None,    # 反向操作时，使用的连接前缀，用于替换【表名】     如： models.UserGroup.objects.filter(表名__字段名=1).values('表名__字段名')
        limit_choices_to=None,      # 在Admin或ModelForm中显示关联数据时，提供的条件：
                                    # 如：
                                            - limit_choices_to={'nid__gt': 5}
                                            - limit_choices_to=lambda : {'nid__gt': 5}
                                            from django.db.models import Q
                                            - limit_choices_to=Q(nid__gt=10)
                                            - limit_choices_to=Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)
                                            - limit_choices_to=lambda : Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption='root')
        symmetrical=None,           # 仅用于多对多自关联时，symmetrical用于指定内部是否创建反向操作的字段
                                    # 做如下操作时，不同的symmetrical会有不同的可选字段
                                        models.BB.objects.filter(...)
                                        # 可选字段有：code, id, m1
                                            class BB(models.Model):
                                            code = models.CharField(max_length=12)
                                            m1 = models.ManyToManyField('self',symmetrical=True)
                                        # 可选字段有: bb, code, id, m1
                                            class BB(models.Model):
                                            code = models.CharField(max_length=12)
                                            m1 = models.ManyToManyField('self',symmetrical=False)
        through=None,               # 自定义第三张表时，使用字段用于指定关系表
        through_fields=None,        # 自定义第三张表时，使用字段用于指定关系表中那些字段做多对多关系表
                                        from django.db import models
                                        class Person(models.Model):
                                            name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
                                        class Group(models.Model):
                                            name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
                                            members = models.ManyToManyField(
                                                Person,
                                                through='Membership',
                                                through_fields=('group', 'person'),
                                            )
                                        class Membership(models.Model):
                                            group = models.ForeignKey(Group, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
                                            person = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
                                            inviter = models.ForeignKey(
                                                Person,
                                                on_delete=models.CASCADE,
                                                related_name="membership_invites",
                                            )
                                            invite_reason = models.CharField(max_length=64)
        db_constraint=True,         # 是否在数据库中创建外键约束
        db_table=None,              # 默认创建第三张表时，数据库中表的名称