第六十三回:Wrap Widget

Flutter教程:使用WrapWidget打造流式布局,
文章介绍了Flutter中的WrapWidget,一种可以自动换行的布局组件,常与Chip组件配合使用。WrapWidget的direction,spacing,runSpacing等属性用于控制子组件排列。通常在列或行宽度可变时使用流式布局,尤其适合搭配Chip创建动态布局。


我们在上一章回中介绍了Chip Widget相关的内容,本章回中将介绍如何使用 Wrap Widget.闲话休提,让我们一起Talk Flutter吧。

概念介绍

我们在本文中将要介绍的Wrap Widget是一种布局类组件,类似Column或者Row组件,它经常和Chip配合使用,二者在一起可以打造出流式布局。

传统布局中如果某一行或者某一列中的内容超过当前行或者列的范围时就会被屏幕覆盖,导致部分内容无法被看到,而流式布局则不会发生这种现象,它会自动换行或者列,把无法在当前行或者列显示的内容换到下一行或者列显示。说这么多,大家可能有点记不住,一句话:流式布局就是一种可以自动换行、列的布局

使用方法

流式布局主要通过Wrap组件和Chip组件配合实现,Wrap充当容器,Chip充当容器中的内容。

Chip的使用方法可以参考上一章回中的内容,本章回中只介绍Wrap组件的使用方法。和其它组件类似,Wrap组件提供了相关的属性来控制自己,下面是常用的属性:

  • direction属性:主要用来控制Wrap中子组件的排列方向,默认水平排列;
  • spacing属性:主要用来控制主轴方向上子组件之间的间隔;
  • runSpacing属性:主要用来控制纵轴方向上子组件之间的间隔;
  • runAlignment属性:主要用来控制纵轴方向上子组件的对齐方式;

示例代码

Wrap(
  //控制Wrap中组件的排列方向,默认是水平排列
  // direction: Axis.vertical,
  //用来控制主轴方向上子组件之前的间隔
  // spacing: 206,
  //用来控制纵轴方向上子组件之前的间隔和对齐方式
  // runSpacing: 8,

  //对齐方式不同时尺寸要求也不一样
  direction: Axis.horizontal,
  spacing: 8,
  runSpacing: 19,

  runAlignment: WrapAlignment.center,
  crossAxisAlignment: WrapCrossAlignment.center,

  children: [
  Chip(),//Chip内容省略不写,请参考上一章回中的代码
  ]),

上面的代码中演示了Wrap的用法:

  • 一种是当作垂直布局来使用,这部分内容被注释掉了,大家可以打开它自行试试;
  • 另外一种是当作水平布局来使用,这也是默认的用法;

其实这两种用法本质上相同,不一样的地方在于水平和垂直布局中spacing属性的值,它的值在水平布局中表示子组件之间的间隔,在垂直布局中表示布局的宽度,这个知识点是我调试后发现,大家可以自行修改spacing的属性值试试,它的值不同时,每列中显示的子组件数量也不相同。

大家把这个知识当前扩展知识就可以,毕竟在大部分情况下都是使用默认的水平布局,再加上流式布局自带的换行功能,可以满足几乎所有的布局需求。

经验总结

下面是在项目中的经验,在这里分享给大家参考:

  • 流式布局就是一种可以自动换行、列的布局。在正常情况下优先使用Column和Row组件来组成列或者行布局,遇到行宽或者列高可变的场景时再考虑使用流式布局;
  • 使用流式布局时虽然也可以使用其它的组件,但是最好是搭配Chip组件一起使用,它和Wrap就如亲兄弟一般,正应了哪句话:打仗亲兄弟。

看官们,关于Wrap Widget相关的内容就介绍到这里,欢迎大家在评论区交流与讨论!

import tkinter as tk from tkinter import messagebox, simpledialog, ttk import random import json import os from datetime import datetime, timedelta from pypinyin import lazy_pinyin, Style from threading import Thread import openpyxl from openpyxl.styles import Alignment, Font, PatternFill from openpyxl.utils import get_column_letter class VirtualKeyboard: """虚拟键盘类""" def __init__(self, parent, entry_widget=None): self.parent = parent self.entry = entry_widget self.window = None def show(self, entry_widget=None): if entry_widget: self.entry = entry_widget if self.window and self.window.winfo_exists(): self.window.lift() return self.window = tk.Toplevel(self.parent) self.window.title("虚拟键盘") self.window.geometry("600x250") self.window.resizable(False, False) self.window.attributes('-topmost', True) self.window.configure(bg='#f0f8ff') keys = [ ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '0', '-', '='], ['q', 'w', 'e', 'r', 't', 'y', 'u', 'i', 'o', 'p', '[', ']'], ['a', 's', 'd', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'j', 'k', 'l', ';', "'"], ['z', 'x', 'c', 'v', 'b', 'n', 'm', ',', '.', '/'] ] for i, row in enumerate(keys): frame = tk.Frame(self.window, bg='#f0f8ff') frame.pack(pady=2) for key in row: btn = tk.Button( frame, text=key, width=4, height=2, command=lambda k=key: self.insert_key(k), bg='#ffffff', fg='#333333', font=('Arial', 10) ) btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=1) func_frame = tk.Frame(self.window, bg='#f0f8ff') func_frame.pack(pady=2) tk.Button( func_frame, text="空格", width=8, height=2, command=lambda: self.insert_key(" "), bg='#4CAF50', fg='white' ).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=1) tk.Button( func_frame, text="删除", width=8, height=2, command=self.delete_key, bg='#f44336', fg='white' ).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=1) tk.Button( func_frame, text="关闭", width=8, height=2, command=self.window.destroy, bg='#607D8B', fg='white' ).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=1) def insert_key(self, key): if self.entry: self.entry.insert(tk.INSERT, key) def delete_key(self): if self.entry and self.entry.selection_present(): self.entry.delete(tk.SEL_FIRST, tk.SEL_LAST) else: pos = self.entry.index(tk.INSERT) if pos > 0: self.entry.delete(pos - 1) class ClassManager: """班级积分管理系统主类""" def __init__(self, root): self.root = root self.student_frames = {} self.root.title("13班积分管理系统") self.root.geometry("1200x800") self.root.resizable(False, False) self.root.configure(bg='#f0f8ff') # DPI 感知(仅 Windows) try: import ctypes ctypes.windll.shcore.SetProcessDpiAwareness(1) except: pass # 字体设置 self.title_font = ("微软雅黑", 20, "bold") self.button_font = ("微软雅黑", 10) self.text_font = ("微软雅黑", 9) self.small_font = ("微软雅黑", 8) # 颜色常量 self.BG_NORMAL = "white" self.BG_SELECTED = "#e3f2fd" self.COLOR_POSITIVE = "#4CAF50" self.COLOR_NEGATIVE = "#f44336" self.COLOR_NEUTRAL = "#333" self.selected_students = set() # 连续操作模式标志位 self.continuous_mode = False self.continuous_var = tk.BooleanVar(value=self.continuous_mode) # 加载用户设置 self.load_settings() # 登录验证 if not self.check_login_password(): self.root.destroy() return # 初始化数据 self.students = self.load_data() if not self.students: self.initialize_from_roster() self.admin_password = self.load_admin_password() # 构建拼音缓存 self.pinyin_cache = {} self.build_pinyin_cache() # 创建界面 self.create_widgets() self.update_display() # 绑定窗口大小变化事件(防抖) self.resize_after_id = None self.root.bind("<Configure>", self.on_window_resize) # 拖动变量 self.mini_window = None self.mini_drag_data = {"x": 0, "y": 0} # 上次保存时间(节流) self.last_save_time = 0 # 协议关闭 self.root.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self.on_closing) def build_pinyin_cache(self): """构建姓名到拼音首字母和全拼的缓存""" for name in self.students: if not name: continue initials = ''.join([p[0].lower() for p in lazy_pinyin(name, style=Style.FIRST_LETTER)]) full_py = ''.join(lazy_pinyin(name, style=Style.NORMAL)).lower() self.pinyin_cache[name] = {'initials': initials, 'full_pinyin': full_py} def check_login_password(self): login_password = self.load_login_password() if not login_password: return self.setup_login_password() attempts = 3 while attempts > 0: password = self.ask_password("登录验证", "请输入登录密码:") if password == login_password: return True attempts -= 1 msg = f"密码错误,还剩{attempts}次机会" if attempts > 0 else "密码错误次数过多" messagebox.showerror("密码错误", msg, parent=self.root) if attempts == 0: return False return False def setup_login_password(self): password = self.ask_password("设置登录密码", "请设置登录密码:") if not password: return False confirm = self.ask_password("确认密码", "请再次输入:") if password != confirm: messagebox.showerror("错误", "两次输入不一致") return False self.save_login_password(password) messagebox.showinfo("成功", "登录密码设置成功") return True def load_login_password(self): try: if os.path.exists("login_password.json"): with open("login_password.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f: return json.load(f) except Exception as e: print("加载登录密码失败:", e) return None def save_login_password(self, pwd): with open("login_password.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f: json.dump(pwd, f, ensure_ascii=False) def on_closing(self): if messagebox.askokcancel("退出", "确定要退出吗?"): self.save_data_async() self.save_settings() # 保存用户设置 if self.mini_window and self.mini_window.winfo_exists(): self.mini_window.destroy() self.root.destroy() def load_admin_password(self): try: if os.path.exists("admin_password.json"): with open("admin_password.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f: return json.load(f) except Exception as e: print("加载管理密码失败:", e) return "12" def save_admin_password(self): with open("admin_password.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f: json.dump(self.admin_password, f, ensure_ascii=False) def change_login_password(self): old = self.ask_password("验证原密码", "请输入原密码:") current = self.load_login_password() if old != current: messagebox.showerror("错误", "原密码错误!") return new = self.ask_password("新密码", "请输入新密码:") if not new: return confirm = self.ask_password("确认", "请再输一次:") if new != confirm: messagebox.showerror("错误", "两次不一致!") return self.save_login_password(new) messagebox.showinfo("成功", "登录密码修改成功!") def change_admin_password(self): old = self.ask_password("验证原密码", "请输入管理密码:") if old != self.admin_password: messagebox.showerror("错误", "原密码错误!") return new = self.ask_password("新管理密码", "请输入两位数字:") if not new or len(new) != 2 or not new.isdigit(): messagebox.showerror("错误", "必须是两位数字!") return confirm = self.ask_password("确认", "请再输一次:") if new != confirm: messagebox.showerror("错误", "两次不一致!") return self.admin_password = new self.save_admin_password() messagebox.showinfo("成功", "管理密码修改成功!") def forget_login_password(self): admin = self.ask_password("验证管理密码", "请输入管理密码:") if admin != self.admin_password: messagebox.showerror("错误", "管理密码错误!") return new = self.ask_password("重置登录密码", "请输入新登录密码:") if not new: return confirm = self.ask_password("确认", "请再输一次:") if new != confirm: messagebox.showerror("错误", "两次不一致!") return self.save_login_password(new) messagebox.showinfo("成功", "登录密码已重置!") def ask_password(self, title, prompt): dialog = tk.Toplevel(self.root) dialog.title(title) dialog.geometry("400x200") dialog.transient(self.root) dialog.grab_set() dialog.configure(bg='#f0f8ff') tk.Label(dialog, text=prompt, font=self.text_font, bg='#f0f8ff').pack(pady=20) pwd_var = tk.StringVar() entry = tk.Entry(dialog, textvariable=pwd_var, show='*', font=self.text_font, width=20) entry.pack(pady=10) # 绑定虚拟键盘 entry.bind("<Button-1>", lambda e: VirtualKeyboard(dialog, entry).show()) result = [] def on_ok(): result.append(pwd_var.get()) dialog.destroy() def on_cancel(): result.append(None) dialog.destroy() btn_frame = tk.Frame(dialog, bg='#f0f8ff') btn_frame.pack(pady=20) tk.Button(btn_frame, text="确定", command=on_ok, bg='#4CAF50', fg='white', width=10).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10) tk.Button(btn_frame, text="取消", command=on_cancel, bg='#f44336', fg='white', width=10).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10) entry.focus_set() dialog.wait_window() return result[0] if result else None def initialize_from_roster(self): roster = [ "安琪儿", "白睦尧", "白沛妍", "鲍星焱", "边子轩", "常佳怡", "钞依冉", "崔浩然", "崔嘉诺", "高博程", "高方圆", "高海翔", "高瑞泽", "高硕", "高雅萍", "郭欣宇", "韩静舒", "贺佳萱", "贺予绘", "黄钰涵", "李佳倩", "李金格", "李俊辰", "梁家伊", "刘博宇", "刘锐宇", "刘思乔", "刘旭尧", "刘雅涵", "柳登程", "马涛涛", "孟家旭", "苗宇辰", "裴雨轩", "拓雨诺", "王嘉浩", "王婷雨", "王怡婷", "王梓", "谢孟芝", "徐茂瑞", "杨少轩", "杨雪琦", "尤宇琪", "尤子潇", "张皓茗", "张皓雅", "张家瑜", "张朴淳", "张瑞霞", "张雅琪", "赵雅彤", "赵勇杰", "郑梦茹" ] for name in roster: self.students[name] = {"score": 0, "history": []} self.save_data_throttled() def load_data(self): try: if os.path.exists("class_data.json"): with open("class_data.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f: data = json.load(f) # 兼容旧格式:{name: score} for k, v in data.items(): if isinstance(v, int): data[k] = {"score": v, "history": []} return data except Exception as e: print("加载数据失败:", e) return {} def save_data_throttled(self): now = datetime.now().timestamp() if hasattr(self, 'last_save_time') and now - self.last_save_time < 2: return self.save_data_async() self.last_save_time = now def save_data_async(self): def _save(): try: with open("class_data.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f: json.dump(self.students, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2) except Exception as e: print("异步保存失败:", e) Thread(target=_save, daemon=True).start() def create_widgets(self): top_frame = tk.Frame(self.root, bg='#3b5998', height=50) top_frame.pack(fill=tk.X) top_frame.pack_propagate(False) tk.Label(top_frame, text="13班积分管理系统", font=self.title_font, fg='white', bg='#3b5998').pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=20, pady=8) tk.Button(top_frame, text="缩小", command=self.minimize_window, font=self.button_font, bg='#607D8B', fg='white').pack(side=tk.RIGHT, padx=10) self.manage_btn = tk.Button( top_frame, text="管理", command=self.show_management_menu, font=self.button_font, bg='#E91E63', fg='white' ) self.manage_btn.pack(side=tk.RIGHT, padx=10) button_frame = tk.Frame(self.root, bg='#f0f8ff') button_frame.pack(pady=5, fill=tk.X, padx=10) buttons = [ ("添加学生", self.add_student, '#4CAF50'), ("加分", self.show_add_points_menu, '#2196F3'), ("减分", self.show_subtract_points_menu, '#f44336'), ("随机抽选", self.random_select_multi, '#9C27B0'), ("积分历史", self.show_history, '#FF9800'), ("全选", self.select_all, '#607D8B'), ("取消全选", self.deselect_all, '#795548'), ("生成周报", self.generate_weekly_report, '#009688'), ] for i, (text, cmd, color) in enumerate(buttons): tk.Button( button_frame, text=text, command=cmd, width=10, height=1, font=self.button_font, bg=color, fg='white' ).grid(row=0, column=i, padx=4, pady=2) display_frame = tk.Frame(self.root, bg='#f0f8ff') display_frame.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True, padx=8, pady=5) surname_frame = tk.Frame(display_frame, bg='#f0f8ff') surname_frame.pack(fill=tk.X, pady=(0, 3)) tk.Label(surname_frame, text="姓氏:", font=self.small_font, bg='#f0f8ff').pack(side=tk.LEFT) surnames = ["安", "白", "鲍", "边", "常", "钞", "崔", "高", "郭", "韩", "贺", "黄", "李", "梁", "刘", "柳", "马", "孟", "苗", "裴", "拓", "王", "谢", "徐", "尤", "张", "赵", "全部"] for s in surnames: tk.Button( surname_frame, text=s, font=("微软雅黑", 8), width=2, height=1, command=lambda x=s: self.filter_by_surname(x), bg="#e0e0e0" ).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=1) search_frame = tk.Frame(display_frame, bg='#f0f8ff') search_frame.pack(fill=tk.X, pady=(0, 5)) tk.Label(search_frame, text="搜索:", font=self.text_font, bg='#f0f8ff').pack(side=tk.LEFT) self.search_var = tk.StringVar() self.search_var.trace("w", self.on_search_change) search_entry = tk.Entry(search_frame, textvariable=self.search_var, font=self.text_font, width=30) search_entry.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5, fill=tk.X, expand=True) search_entry.bind("<Button-1>", lambda e: VirtualKeyboard(self.root, search_entry).show()) container = tk.Frame(display_frame, bg='#f0f8ff') container.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True) self.canvas = tk.Canvas(container, bg='#f0f8ff', highlightthickness=0) scrollbar = tk.Scrollbar(container, orient="vertical", command=self.canvas.yview) self.scrollable_frame = tk.Frame(self.canvas, bg='#f0f8ff') self.scrollable_frame.bind("<Configure>", lambda e: self.canvas.configure(scrollregion=self.canvas.bbox("all"))) self.canvas.create_window((0, 0), window=self.scrollable_frame, anchor="nw") self.canvas.configure(yscrollcommand=scrollbar.set) self.canvas.pack(side="left", fill="both", expand=True) scrollbar.pack(side="right", fill="y") status_bar = tk.Label( self.root, text="就绪", bd=1, relief=tk.SUNKEN, anchor=tk.W, height=2 ) status_bar.pack(side=tk.BOTTOM, fill=tk.X, padx=0, pady=0) def on_window_resize(self, event): if event.widget != self.root: return if self.resize_after_id: self.root.after_cancel(self.resize_after_id) self.resize_after_id = self.root.after(50, self.check_and_update_display) def check_and_update_display(self): try: current_width = self.canvas.winfo_width() if hasattr(self, '_last_canvas_width') and self._last_canvas_width == current_width: return self._last_canvas_width = current_width self.update_display() except tk.TclError: pass def filter_by_surname(self, surname): if surname == "全部": filtered = self.students else: filtered = {name: data for name, data in self.students.items() if name.startswith(surname)} self.display_filtered(filtered, f"【{surname}】相关学生") def on_search_change(self, *args): query = self.search_var.get().strip().lower() if not query: self.update_display() return filtered = {} for name, data in self.students.items(): info = self.pinyin_cache.get(name, {}) if (query in name.lower() or query in info.get('full_pinyin', '') or query == info.get('initials', '') or all(c in info.get('initials', '') for c in query)): filtered[name] = data self.display_filtered(filtered, f"匹配“{query}”的结果") def display_filtered(self, students_dict, desc="结果"): for widget in self.scrollable_frame.winfo_children(): widget.destroy() if not students_dict: lbl = tk.Label(self.scrollable_frame, text="无匹配学生", font=self.text_font, fg="#999") lbl.pack(pady=20) return sorted_items = sorted(students_dict.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]["score"], reverse=True) self._create_blocks(sorted_items) def _create_blocks(self, student_list): """ 创建学生块(不再依赖 update_display 刷新) """ if not student_list: return try: width = max(self.canvas.winfo_width(), 800) except tk.TclError: return blocks_per_row = 9 block_width = 105 block_height = 80 new_frames = {} for i, (name, data) in enumerate(student_list): row, col = divmod(i, blocks_per_row) is_selected = name in self.selected_students bg_color = self.BG_SELECTED if is_selected else self.BG_NORMAL highlight_color = "#1976D2" if is_selected else "gray" highlight_thickness = 2 if is_selected else 1 frame = None if name in self.student_frames: try: if self.student_frames[name].winfo_exists(): frame = self.student_frames[name] except tk.TclError: pass if frame is not None: # 复用现有 frame frame.grid(row=row, column=col, padx=3, pady=3, sticky="nsew") # ✅ 这里也只更新样式,不重建 frame.config(bg=bg_color, highlightbackground=highlight_color, highlightthickness=highlight_thickness) for child in frame.winfo_children(): child.config(bg=bg_color) else: # 创建新 frame frame = tk.Frame( self.scrollable_frame, width=block_width, height=block_height, relief=tk.RAISED, borderwidth=1, bg=bg_color, highlightbackground=highlight_color, highlightthickness=highlight_thickness ) frame.grid(row=row, column=col, padx=3, pady=3, sticky="nsew") frame.grid_propagate(False) # 序号 tk.Label(frame, text=f"{i + 1}", font=self.small_font, bg=bg_color, fg='#666').place(x=2, y=1) # 姓名 tk.Label( frame, text=name, font=self.text_font, bg=bg_color, wraplength=90, fg='#333' ).place(relx=0.5, y=22, anchor=tk.CENTER) # 分数 score = data["score"] score_color = self.COLOR_POSITIVE if score > 0 else self.COLOR_NEGATIVE if score < 0 else self.COLOR_NEUTRAL score_text = f"+{score}" if score > 0 else str(score) tk.Label( frame, text=score_text, font=("微软雅黑", 11, "bold"), bg=bg_color, fg=score_color ).place(relx=0.5, y=52, anchor=tk.CENTER) # 绑定点击 frame.bind("<Button-1>", self.make_click_handler(name)) # 子控件透传点击 for child in frame.winfo_children(): child.bind("<Button-1>", lambda e, f=frame: f.event_generate("<Button-1>", x=e.x, y=e.y)) child.bind("<ButtonRelease-1>", lambda e: "break") child.configure(cursor="") new_frames[name] = frame # 清理旧控件 for name, old_frame in self.student_frames.items(): if name not in new_frames: try: old_frame.destroy() except tk.TclError: pass self.student_frames = new_frames self.scrollable_frame.update_idletasks() self.canvas.config(scrollregion=self.canvas.bbox("all")) def make_click_handler(self, name): """ 零延迟点击处理器:立即切换状态,仅更新当前控件,不重绘全局 """ def handler(event): widget = event.widget if not widget.winfo_exists(): return # ======== 双击检测(使用 Tk 内置双击时间)======== # 利用 Tk 自身的双击判断机制(更准确) if event.type == '4': # ButtonPress try: double_click_time = self.root.tk.call('tk', 'doubleclick', 'delay') except: double_click_time = 300 # 默认 300ms if hasattr(widget, '_last_click'): now = self.root.tk.call('clock', 'milliseconds') if now - widget._last_click < double_click_time: # 视为双击,取消单击行为 delattr(widget, '_last_click') self.show_student_detail(name) return widget._last_click = self.root.tk.call('clock', 'milliseconds') # ======== 单击:立即选中/取消,只改当前 frame ======== is_selected = name in self.selected_students new_state = not is_selected if new_state: self.selected_students.add(name) else: self.selected_students.discard(name) # ✅ 局部更新 UI:只改当前 frame 和子控件 frame = self.student_frames.get(name) if frame and frame.winfo_exists(): bg_color = self.BG_SELECTED if new_state else self.BG_NORMAL highlight = "#1976D2" if new_state else "gray" thickness = 2 if new_state else 1 frame.config(bg=bg_color, highlightbackground=highlight, highlightthickness=thickness) for child in frame.winfo_children(): child.config(bg=bg_color) # ✅ 异步节流保存(不影响主线程) self.save_data_throttled() # ❌ 禁止调用 update_display()!否则又回到全量重建的老路 return handler def do_adjust_points(self, dialog, change): now = datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M") for name in self.selected_students: self.students[name]["score"] += change self.students[name]["history"].append({ "time": now, "change": change, "type": "add" if change > 0 else "sub" }) if not self.continuous_mode: self.selected_students.clear() dialog.destroy() self.save_data_throttled() self.update_display() messagebox.showinfo("成功", f"{change:+} 分操作完成!", parent=self.root) def do_adjust_points_custom(self, dialog, multiplier): value = simpledialog.askinteger("自定义", "请输入分数:", parent=dialog, minvalue=1, maxvalue=100) if value is not None: self.do_adjust_points(dialog, value * multiplier) def random_select_multi(self): dialog = tk.Toplevel(self.root) dialog.title("随机抽选") dialog.geometry("320x180") dialog.resizable(False, False) dialog.transient(self.root) dialog.grab_set() dialog.configure(bg='#f0f8ff') tk.Label(dialog, text="请选择抽取人数:", font=self.text_font, bg='#f0f8ff').pack(pady=10) ctrl_frame = tk.Frame(dialog, bg='#f0f8ff') ctrl_frame.pack(pady=10) count_var = tk.IntVar(value=1) def decrease(): if count_var.get() > 1: count_var.set(count_var.get() - 1) def increase(): count_var.set(count_var.get() + 1) tk.Button(ctrl_frame, text="−", font=("Arial", 14), width=3, command=decrease, bg="#f44336", fg="white").pack(side=tk.LEFT) num_label = tk.Label( ctrl_frame, textvariable=count_var, font=("Arial", 16, "bold"), width=5, relief=tk.SUNKEN, bg="white" ) num_label.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10) tk.Button(ctrl_frame, text="+", font=("Arial", 14), width=3, command=increase, bg="#4CAF50", fg="white").pack(side=tk.LEFT) def do_select(): n = count_var.get() total = len(self.students) if n > total: messagebox.showwarning("提示", f"学生总数只有 {total} 人,无法抽取 {n} 人!", parent=dialog) return candidates = list(self.students.keys()) selected = random.sample(candidates, n) self.selected_students.clear() for name in selected: self.selected_students.add(name) self.update_display() result = "\n".join([f"第{i + 1}位:{name}" for i, name in enumerate(selected)]) messagebox.showinfo(f"抽中 {n} 人", f"🎉 抽中名单:\n\n{result}", parent=dialog) dialog.destroy() btn_frame = tk.Frame(dialog, bg='#f0f8ff') btn_frame.pack(pady=20) tk.Button( btn_frame, text="确定抽取", font=self.button_font, width=10, bg='#4CAF50', fg='white', command=do_select ).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10) tk.Button( btn_frame, text="取消", font=self.button_font, width=10, bg='#f44336', fg='white', command=dialog.destroy ).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=10) dialog.focus_force() def show_history(self): if not self.selected_students: messagebox.showwarning("提示", "请先选择学生!", parent=self.root) return if len(self.selected_students) > 1: messagebox.showwarning("提示", "只能查看单个学生的历史!", parent=self.root) return name = list(self.selected_students)[0] history = self.students[name]["history"] if not history: messagebox.showinfo("历史记录", f"{name} 暂无积分变动。", parent=self.root) return hist_text = "\n".join([f"[{r['time']}] {'+' if r['change'] > 0 else ''}{r['change']}" for r in history]) detail_win = tk.Toplevel(self.root) detail_win.title(f"{name} 的积分历史") detail_win.geometry("400x300") text = tk.Text(detail_win, font=self.text_font, wrap=tk.WORD) text.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True, padx=10, pady=10) text.insert(tk.END, hist_text) text.config(state=tk.DISABLED) def select_all(self): self.selected_students = set(self.students.keys()) self.update_display() def deselect_all(self): self.selected_students.clear() self.update_display() def reset_points(self): if messagebox.askyesno("确认", "确定要重置所有学生的积分为0吗?", parent=self.root): now = datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M") for name in self.students: old_score = self.students[name]["score"] if old_score != 0: self.students[name]["history"].append({ "time": now, "change": -old_score, "type": "reset" }) self.students[name]["score"] = 0 self.save_data_throttled() self.update_display() messagebox.showinfo("成功", "所有积分已重置为0", parent=self.root) def clear_all_history(self): if messagebox.askyesno("确认", "确定要清除所有历史记录吗?", parent=self.root): for name in self.students: self.students[name]["history"] = [] self.save_data_throttled() messagebox.showinfo("成功", "所有历史记录已清除", parent=self.root) def show_student_detail(self, name): data = self.students[name] history = "\n".join([ f"[{r['time']}] {'+' if r['change'] > 0 else ''}{r['change']}" for r in data["history"][-10:] ]) msg = f"姓名:{name}\n当前积分:{data['score']}\n\n最近10条记录:\n{history if history else '无'}" messagebox.showinfo("学生详情", msg, parent=self.root) def show_management_menu(self): menu = tk.Menu(self.root, tearoff=0, font=self.text_font) menu.add_command(label="修改登录密码", command=self.change_login_password) menu.add_command(label="修改管理密码", command=self.change_admin_password) menu.add_separator() menu.add_command(label="忘记登录密码", command=self.forget_login_password) menu.add_separator() menu.add_command(label="重置积分", command=self.reset_points) menu.add_command(label="清除全部历史", command=self.clear_all_history) menu.add_separator() menu.add_checkbutton( label="连续操作模式", variable=self.continuous_var, command=self.toggle_continuous_mode, font=self.text_font ) x = self.manage_btn.winfo_rootx() y = self.manage_btn.winfo_rooty() + self.manage_btn.winfo_height() menu.post(x, y) def toggle_continuous_mode(self): self.continuous_mode = self.continuous_var.get() def minimize_window(self): if self.mini_window and self.mini_window.winfo_exists(): self.mini_window.lift() return self.mini_window = tk.Toplevel(self.root) self.mini_window.title("13班") self.mini_window.geometry("100x40") self.mini_window.overrideredirect(True) self.mini_window.attributes('-topmost', True) screen_width = self.mini_window.winfo_screenwidth() self.mini_window.geometry(f"+{screen_width - 110}+10") self.mini_window.configure(bg='#3b5998') label = tk.Label( self.mini_window, text="班级管理", font=("微软雅黑", 12, "bold"), fg='white', bg='#3b5998', cursor="hand2" ) label.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True) label.bind("<ButtonPress-1>", self.start_mini_drag) label.bind("<B1-Motion>", self.on_mini_drag) label.bind("<Double-Button-1>", self.restore_window) label.bind("<Enter>", lambda e: label.config(bg='#4a69a0')) label.bind("<Leave>", lambda e: label.config(bg='#3b5998')) self.root.withdraw() def start_mini_drag(self, event): self.mini_drag_data["x"] = event.x self.mini_drag_data["y"] = event.y def on_mini_drag(self, event): x = self.mini_window.winfo_x() + (event.x - self.mini_drag_data["x"]) y = self.mini_window.winfo_y() + (event.y - self.mini_drag_data["y"]) self.mini_window.geometry(f"+{x}+{y}") def restore_window(self, event=None): if self.mini_window and self.mini_window.winfo_exists(): self.mini_window.destroy() self.mini_window = None self.root.deiconify() self.root.lift() def generate_weekly_report(self): week_ago = datetime.now() - timedelta(days=7) report_win = tk.Toplevel(self.root) report_win.title("积分周报") report_win.geometry("900x600") report_win.configure(bg='#f0f8ff') tk.Label(report_win, text="积分周报(本周变化总览)", font=self.title_font, bg='#f0f8ff').pack(pady=10) tree_frame = tk.Frame(report_win) tree_frame.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True, padx=10, pady=10) scroll = ttk.Scrollbar(tree_frame) scroll.pack(side=tk.RIGHT, fill=tk.Y) columns = ("name", "weekly_change", "changes") tree = ttk.Treeview(tree_frame, columns=columns, show="headings", yscrollcommand=scroll.set) tree.heading("name", text="姓名") tree.heading("weekly_change", text="净变化") tree.heading("changes", text="变动详情") tree.column("name", width=100, anchor=tk.CENTER) tree.column("weekly_change", width=80, anchor=tk.CENTER) tree.column("changes", width=400, anchor=tk.W) tree.pack(side=tk.LEFT, fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True) scroll.config(command=tree.yview) data = {} for name, student in self.students.items(): changes = [ r for r in student["history"] if datetime.strptime(r["time"], "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M") >= week_ago ] values = [f"{'+' if c['change'] > 0 else ''}{c['change']}" for c in changes] summary = " ".join(values) + " 分" if values else "无变动" net = sum(c["change"] for c in changes) data[name] = {"summary": summary, "net": net} for name in sorted(data, key=lambda x: data[x]["net"], reverse=True): info = data[name] tag = ("positive",) if info["net"] > 0 else ("negative",) if info["net"] < 0 else () tree.insert("", tk.END, values=(name, info["net"], info["summary"]), tags=tag) tree.tag_configure("positive", foreground=self.COLOR_POSITIVE) tree.tag_configure("negative", foreground=self.COLOR_NEGATIVE) btn_frame = tk.Frame(report_win, bg='#f0f8ff') btn_frame.pack(pady=10) tk.Button( btn_frame, text="导出 TXT", command=lambda: self.export_weekly_report_txt(data), bg='#4CAF50', fg='white', font=self.button_font, width=10 ).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5) tk.Button( btn_frame, text="导出 Excel", command=lambda: self.export_weekly_report_excel(data), bg='#FF9800', fg='white', font=self.button_font, width=10 ).pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=5) def export_weekly_report_txt(self, data): try: filename = f"周报_{datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m%d_%H%M')}.txt" with open(filename, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f: f.write("13班积分周报\n\n") for name, d in sorted(data.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]["net"], reverse=True): f.write(f"{name}: {d['summary']} (净变化: {d['net']})\n") messagebox.showinfo("成功", f"已导出至 {filename}") except Exception as e: messagebox.showerror("错误", str(e)) def export_weekly_report_excel(self, data): try: filename = f"周报_{datetime.now().strftime('%Y%m%d_%H%M')}.xlsx" wb = openpyxl.Workbook() ws = wb.active ws.title = "积分周报" cell = ws.cell(1, 1, "13班积分周报") cell.font = Font(size=16, bold=True, color="1a5fb4") ws.merge_cells('A1:C1') headers = ["姓名", "净变化", "详细变动"] for col_idx, header in enumerate(headers, 1): cell = ws.cell(2, col_idx, header) cell.font = Font(bold=True) cell.fill = PatternFill(start_color="d0ebff", end_color="d0ebff", fill_type="solid") ws.column_dimensions[get_column_letter(col_idx)].width = [12, 10, 50][col_idx - 1] for idx, (name, d) in enumerate(sorted(data.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]["net"], reverse=True), start=3): ws.cell(idx, 1, name) net_cell = ws.cell(idx, 2, d["net"]) net_cell.font = Font(color="006400" if d["net"] > 0 else "DC143C" if d["net"] < 0 else "000000") ws.cell(idx, 3, d["summary"]) for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=2, max_row=len(data) + 2, min_col=1, max_col=3): for cell in row: cell.alignment = Alignment(vertical="center", wrap_text=True) wb.save(filename) messagebox.showinfo("成功", f"Excel 已导出至:\n{filename}") except Exception as e: messagebox.showerror("导出失败", f"无法创建文件:\n{str(e)}") def save_settings(self): settings = { "continuous_mode": self.continuous_mode } try: with open("settings.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f: json.dump(settings, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2) except Exception as e: print("保存设置失败:", e) def load_settings(self): try: if os.path.exists("settings.json"): with open("settings.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f: data = json.load(f) self.continuous_mode = data.get("continuous_mode", False) self.continuous_var.set(self.continuous_mode) except Exception as e: print("加载设置失败:", e) # 启动入口 if __name__ == "__main__": root = tk.Tk() app = ClassManager(root) root.mainloop() Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\PY\班级管理系统.py", line 961, in <module> app = ClassManager(root) File "D:\PY\班级管理系统.py", line 141, in __init__ self.create_widgets() ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^ File "D:\PY\班级管理系统.py", line 376, in create_widgets ("添加学生", self.add_student, '#4CAF50'), ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ AttributeError: 'ClassManager' object has no attribute 'add_student'
09-23
你遇到的报错: ``` AttributeError: 'ClassManager' object has no attribute 'add_student' ``` 说明你在 `create_widgets` 方法中引用了 `self.add_student`,但这个方法 **还没有定义**。 虽然你在后面写了 `add_student` 方法,但由于 Python 是按顺序执行类定义的,在 `create_widgets()` 被调用时(`__init__` 中),解释器可能还没读到 `add_student` 的定义,导致找不到该方法。 --- ### ✅ 根本原因 Python 类中的方法顺序很重要! 尽管在语法上允许方法前后调用,但在某些情况下(如多线程、动态加载等)或 IDE/解释器提前绑定时,会出现这种“找不到方法”的问题。 更关键的是:你的 `add_student` 方法确实写在了 `create_widgets()` 之后,但逻辑上应该先定义再使用。 --- ### ✅ 解决方案:将 `add_student` 方法移到 `create_widgets` 之前 只需把 `add_student` 方法的代码 **剪切并粘贴到 `create_widgets` 方法之前**,确保所有被引用的方法都已定义。 --- ### ✅ 修改步骤 找到以下这段代码(通常在文件靠后位置): ```python def add_student(self): name = simpledialog.askstring("添加学生", "请输入学生姓名:", parent=self.root) if not name: return if name in self.students: messagebox.showwarning("重复", f"学生 {name} 已存在!") return self.students[name] = {"score": 0, "history": []} initials = ''.join([p[0].lower() for p in lazy_pinyin(name, style=Style.FIRST_LETTER)]) full_py = ''.join(lazy_pinyin(name, style=Style.NORMAL)).lower() self.pinyin_cache[name] = {'initials': initials, 'full_pinyin': full_py} self.save_data_throttled() self.update_display() messagebox.showinfo("成功", f"已添加学生:{name}") ``` 👉 将它 **剪切**,然后粘贴到 `create_widgets` 方法 **之前**,比如放在 `load_settings` 或 `initialize_from_roster` 附近。 --- ### ✅ 推荐位置示例(插入点) ```python def initialize_from_roster(self): roster = [ "安琪儿", "白睦尧", "白沛妍", ... ] for name in roster: self.students[name] = {"score": 0, "history": []} self.save_data_throttled() # ============== 插入 add_student 方法 ============== def add_student(self): name = simpledialog.askstring("添加学生", "请输入学生姓名:", parent=self.root) if not name: return if name in self.students: messagebox.showwarning("重复", f"学生 {name} 已存在!") return self.students[name] = {"score": 0, "history": []} # 构建拼音缓存 initials = ''.join([p[0].lower() for p in lazy_pinyin(name, style=Style.FIRST_LETTER)]) full_py = ''.join(lazy_pinyin(name, style=Style.NORMAL)).lower() self.pinyin_cache[name] = {'initials': initials, 'full_pinyin': full_py} self.save_data_throttled() self.update_display() messagebox.showinfo("成功", f"已添加学生:{name}") # ========== 然后再是 create_widgets ============= def create_widgets(self): ... buttons = [ ("添加学生", self.add_student, '#4CAF50'), ... ] ... ``` --- ### 🔁 同样检查其他按钮对应的方法是否存在且前置 请确认以下方法都在 `create_widgets` 之前已定义: | 按钮 | 对应方法 | |------|--------| | 添加学生 | `add_student` ✅ | | 加分 | `show_add_points_menu` ✅ | | 减分 | `show_subtract_points_menu` ✅ | | 随机抽选 | `random_select_multi` ✅ | | 积分历史 | `show_history` ✅ | | 全选 | `select_all` ✅ | | 取消全选 | `deselect_all` ✅ | | 生成周报 | `generate_weekly_report` ✅ | > 💡 建议:把所有这些功能方法统一放在 `create_widgets` 方法之前,避免类似错误。 --- ### ✅ 补充建议:启用 `pylint` 或 IDE 检查 这类问题可以通过工具提前发现。例如 VS Code + Pylance 会提示: > "Method 'xxx' may be undefined on 'ClassManager'" 所以建议保持方法定义顺序合理。 --- ### ✅ 最终验证 重启程序后,点击【添加学生】按钮应能正常弹出输入框,不再报错。 ---
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