java spi实现原理

java spi内部实现也是基于ClassLoader机制。java spi核心类是ServiceLoader，现在看它的实现逻辑;

ServiceLoader内部含有一私有类LazyIterator，继承Iterator，封装了spi具体实现。

private class LazyIterator implements Iterator<S>
{

    Class<S> service;
    ClassLoader loader;
    Enumeration<URL> configs = null;
    Iterator<String> pending = null;
    String nextName = null;

    private LazyIterator(Class<S> service, ClassLoader loader) {
        this.service = service;
        this.loader = loader;
    }

    private boolean hasNextService() {
        if (nextName != null) {
            return true;
        }
        if (configs == null) {
            try {
                String fullName = PREFIX + service.getName();
                if (loader == null)
                    configs = ClassLoader.getSystemResources(fullName);
                else
                    configs = loader.getResources(fullName);
            } catch (IOException x) {
                fail(service, "Error locating configuration files", x);
            }
        }
        while ((pending == null) || !pending.hasNext()) {
            if (!configs.hasMoreElements()) {
                return false;
            }
            pending = parse(service, configs.nextElement());
        }
        nextName = pending.next();
        return true;
    }

    private S nextService() {
        if (!hasNextService())
            throw new NoSuchElementException();
        String cn = nextName;
        nextName = null;
        Class<?> c = null;
        try {
            c = Class.forName(cn, false, loader);
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException x) {
            fail(service,
                 "Provider " + cn + " not found");
        }
        if (!service.isAssignableFrom(c)) {
            fail(service,
                 "Provider " + cn  + " not a subtype");
        }
        try {
            S p = service.cast(c.newInstance());
            providers.put(cn, p);
            return p;
        } catch (Throwable x) {
            fail(service,
                 "Provider " + cn + " could not be instantiated",
                 x);
        }
        throw new Error();          // This cannot happen
    }

    public boolean hasNext() {
        if (acc == null) {
            return hasNextService();
        } else {
            PrivilegedAction<Boolean> action = new PrivilegedAction<Boolean>() {
                public Boolean run() { return hasNextService(); }
            };
            return AccessController.doPrivileged(action, acc);
        }
    }

    public S next() {
        if (acc == null) {
            return nextService();
        } else {
            PrivilegedAction<S> action = new PrivilegedAction<S>() {
                public S run() { return nextService(); }
            };
            return AccessController.doPrivileged(action, acc);
        }
    }

    public void remove() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

}

从此类的实现来看，最重要的2个方法是hasNextService()和nextService();

hasNextService()

private boolean hasNextService() {
    if (nextName != null) {
        return true;
    }
    if (configs == null) {
        try {
            String fullName = PREFIX + service.getName();
            if (loader == null)
                configs = ClassLoader.getSystemResources(fullName);
            else
                configs = loader.getResources(fullName);
        } catch (IOException x) {
            fail(service, "Error locating configuration files", x);
        }
    }
    while ((pending == null) || !pending.hasNext()) {
        if (!configs.hasMoreElements()) {
            return false;
        }
        pending = parse(service, configs.nextElement());
    }
    nextName = pending.next();
    return true;
}

private Iterator<String> parse(Class<?> service, URL u)
    throws ServiceConfigurationError
{
    InputStream in = null;
    BufferedReader r = null;
    ArrayList<String> names = new ArrayList<>();
    try {
        in = u.openStream();
        r = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in, "utf-8"));
        int lc = 1;
        while ((lc = parseLine(service, u, r, lc, names)) >= 0);
    } catch (IOException x) {
        fail(service, "Error reading configuration file", x);
    } finally {
        try {
            if (r != null) r.close();
            if (in != null) in.close();
        } catch (IOException y) {
            fail(service, "Error closing configuration file", y);
        }
    }
    return names.iterator();
}

根据代码它有以下几步

1. 通过ClassLoader加载META-INF/services/xxx文件，其中xxx为类的全路径名称。对于SPI的实现模块，我们需要在resources的META-INF/services下存放接口全路径名的文件，内容为接口的实现。
2. 获取到META-INF/services/xxx文件后，调用parse方法，解析内容，获取所有实现类的名称。

nextService()

private S nextService() {
    if (!hasNextService())
        throw new NoSuchElementException();
    String cn = nextName;
    nextName = null;
    Class<?> c = null;
    try {
        c = Class.forName(cn, false, loader);
    } catch (ClassNotFoundException x) {
        fail(service,
             "Provider " + cn + " not found");
    }
    if (!service.isAssignableFrom(c)) {
        fail(service,
             "Provider " + cn  + " not a subtype");
    }
    try {
        S p = service.cast(c.newInstance());
        providers.put(cn, p);
        return p;
    } catch (Throwable x) {
        fail(service,
             "Provider " + cn + " could not be instantiated",
             x);
    }
    throw new Error();          // This cannot happen
}

1. 首先判断是否还有实现类。
2. 如果有的话，通过ClassLoader加载，loader是传入的ClassLoader，如果为null，会使用BootstrapClassLoader，因为它只加载java核心代码，所以就会找不到。
3. 获取到class后，通过反射初始化，并调用cast方法，转化为具体的实现。

总结

Java SPI其实内部实现原理还是基于ClassLoader。我们可以自定义ClassLoader，结合SPI技术，就能做到接口和具体实现解耦，还能做到类隔离和对业务代码无感知的升级。