Java并发之AQS详解

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1. 概述

谈到并发，不得不谈ReentrantLock；而谈到ReentrantLock，不得不谈AbstractQueuedSynchronizer（AQS）！

类如其名，抽象的队列式的同步器，AQS定义了一套多线程访问共享资源的同步器框架，许多同步类实现都依赖于它，如常用的ReentrantLock/Semaphore/CountDownLatch…。

以下是本文的目录大纲：

概述
框架
源码详解
简单应用

2. 框架

在这里插入图片描述
　它维护了一个volatile int state（代表共享资源）和一个FIFO线程等待队列（多线程争用资源被阻塞时会进入此队列）。这里volatile是核心关键词，具体volatile的语义，在此不述。state的访问方式有三种:

getState()
setState()
compareAndSetState()

 /**
* The synchronization state.
 */
private volatile int state;

/**
 * Returns the current value of synchronization state.
 * This operation has memory semantics of a {@code volatile} read.
 * @return current state value
 */
protected final int getState() {
    return state;
}

/**
 * Sets the value of synchronization state.
 * This operation has memory semantics of a {@code volatile} write.
 * @param newState the new state value
 */
protected final void setState(int newState) {
    state = newState;
}

/**
 * Atomically sets synchronization state to the given updated
 * value if the current state value equals the expected value.
 * This operation has memory semantics of a {@code volatile} read
 * and write.
 *
 * @param expect the expected value
 * @param update the new value
 * @return {@code true} if successful. False return indicates that the actual
 *         value was not equal to the expected value.
 */
protected final boolean compareAndSetState(int expect, int update) {
    // See below for intrinsics setup to support this
    return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, expect, update);
}

AQS定义两种资源共享方式：Exclusive（独占，只有一个线程能执行，如ReentrantLock）和Share（共享，多个线程可同时执行，如Semaphore/CountDownLatch）。

不同的自定义同步器争用共享资源的方式也不同。自定义同步器在实现时只需要实现共享资源state的获取与释放方式即可，至于具体线程等待队列的维护（如获取资源失败入队/唤醒出队等），AQS已经在顶层实现好了。自定义同步器实现时主要实现以下几种方法：

isHeldExclusively()：该线程是否正在独占资源。只有用到condition才需要去实现它。
tryAcquire(int)：独占方式。尝试获取资源，成功则返回true，失败则返回false。
tryRelease(int)：独占方式。尝试释放资源，成功则返回true，失败则返回false。
tryAcquireShared(int)：共享方式。尝试获取资源。负数表示失败；0表示成功，但没有剩余可用资源；正数表示成功，且有剩余资源。
tryReleaseShared(int)：共享方式。尝试释放资源，如果释放后允许唤醒后续等待结点返回true，否则返回false。

以ReentrantLock为例，state初始化为0，表示未锁定状态。A线程lock()时，会调用tryAcquire()独占该锁并将state+1。此后，其他线程再tryAcquire()时就会失败，直到A线程unlock()到state=0（即释放锁）为止，其它线程才有机会获取该锁。当然，释放锁之前，A线程自己是可以重复获取此锁的（state会累加），这就是可重入的概念。但要注意，获取多少次就要释放多么次，这样才能保证state是能回到零态的。

再以CountDownLatch以例，任务分为N个子线程去执行，state也初始化为N（注意N要与线程个数一致）。这N个子线程是并行执行的，每个子线程执行完后countDown()一次，state会CAS减1。等到所有子线程都执行完后(即state=0)，会unpark()主调用线程，然后主调用线程就会从await()函数返回，继续后余动作。

一般来说，自定义同步器要么是独占方法，要么是共享方式，他们也只需实现tryAcquire-tryRelease、tryAcquireShared-tryReleaseShared中的一种即可。但AQS也支持自定义同步器同时实现独占和共享两种方式，如ReentrantReadWriteLock。

3. 源码详解

接下来我们开始开始讲解AQS的源码实现。依照acquire-release、acquireShared-releaseShared的次序来。

3.1 acquire(int)

acquire是一种以独占方式获取资源，如果获取到资源，线程直接返回，否则进入等待队列，直到获取到资源为止，且整个过程忽略中断的影响。该方法是独占模式下线程获取共享资源的顶层入口。获取到资源后，线程就可以去执行其临界区代码了。下面是acquire()的源码：

/**
 * Acquires in exclusive mode, ignoring interrupts.  Implemented
 * by invoking at least once {@link #tryAcquire},
 * returning on success.  Otherwise the thread is queued, possibly
 * repeatedly blocking and unblocking, invoking {@link
 * #tryAcquire} until success.  This method can be used
 * to implement method {@link Lock#lock}.
 *
 * @param arg the acquire argument.  This value is conveyed to
 *        {@link #tryAcquire} but is otherwise uninterpreted and
 *        can represent anything you like.
 */
public final void acquire(int arg) {
    if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&
        acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))
        selfInterrupt();
}

通过注释我们知道，acquire方法是一种互斥模式，且忽略中断。该方法至少执行一次 tryAcquire(int) 方法，如果 tryAcquire(int) 方法返回true，则acquire直接返回，否则当前线程需要进入队列进行排队。函数流程如下：

tryAcquire()尝试直接去获取资源，如果成功则直接返回；
addWaiter()将该线程加入等待队列的尾部，并标记为独占模式；
acquireQueued()使线程在等待队列中获取资源，一直获取到资源后才返回。如果在整个等待过程中被中断过，则返回true，否则返回false。
如果线程在等待过程中被中断过，它是不响应的。只是获取资源后才再进行自我中断selfInterrupt()，将中断补上。

3.2 release(int)

release(int) 方法是独占模式下线程释放共享资源的顶层入口。它会释放指定量的资源，如果彻底释放了（即state=0）,它会唤醒等待队列里的其他线程来获取资源。这也正是unlock()的语义，当然不仅仅只限于unlock()。下面是release()的源码：

/**
     * Releases in exclusive mode.  Implemented by unblocking one or
     * more threads if {@link #tryRelease} returns true.
     * This method can be used to implement method {@link Lock#unlock}.
     *
     * @param arg the release argument.  This value is conveyed to
     *        {@link #tryRelease} but is otherwise uninterpreted and
     *        can represent anything you like.
     * @return the value returned from {@link #tryRelease}
     */
    public final boolean release(int arg) {
        if (tryRelease(arg)) {
            Node h = head;
            if (h != null && h.waitStatus != 0)
                unparkSuccessor(h);
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

/**
* Attempts to set the state to reflect a release in exclusive
 * mode.
 *
 * <p>This method is always invoked by the thread performing release.
 *
 * <p>The default implementation throws
 * {@link UnsupportedOperationException}.
 *
 * @param arg the release argument. This value is always the one
 *        passed to a release method, or the current state value upon
 *        entry to a condition wait.  The value is otherwise
 *        uninterpreted and can represent anything you like.
 * @return {@code true} if this object is now in a fully released
 *         state, so that any waiting threads may attempt to acquire;
 *         and {@code false} otherwise.
 * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if releasing would place this
 *         synchronizer in an illegal state. This exception must be
 *         thrown in a consistent fashion for synchronization to work
 *         correctly.
 * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if exclusive mode is not supported
 */
protected boolean tryRelease(int arg) {
    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}

/**
 * Wakes up node's successor, if one exists.
 *
 * @param node the node
 */
private void unparkSuccessor(Node node) {
    /*
     * If status is negative (i.e., possibly needing signal) try
     * to clear in anticipation of signalling.  It is OK if this
     * fails or if status is changed by waiting thread.
     */
    int ws = node.waitStatus;
    if (ws < 0)
        compareAndSetWaitStatus(node, ws, 0);

    /*
     * Thread to unpark is held in successor, which is normally
     * just the next node.  But if cancelled or apparently null,
     * traverse backwards from tail to find the actual
     * non-cancelled successor.
     */
    Node s = node.next;
    if (s == null || s.waitStatus > 0) {
        s = null;
        for (Node t = tail; t != null && t != node; t = t.prev)
            if (t.waitStatus <= 0)
                s = t;
    }
    if (s != null)
        LockSupport.unpark(s.thread);
}

与acquire()方法中的tryAcquire()类似，tryRelease()方法也是需要独占模式的自定义同步器去实现的。正常来说，tryRelease()都会成功的，因为这是独占模式，该线程来释放资源，那么它肯定已经拿到独占资源了，直接减掉相应量的资源即可(state-=arg)，也不需要考虑线程安全的问题。但要注意它的返回值，上面已经提到了，release()是根据tryRelease()的返回值来判断该线程是否已经完成释放掉资源了！所以自义定同步器在实现时，如果已经彻底释放资源(state=0)，要返回true，否则返回false。

unparkSuccessor(Node) 方法用于唤醒等待队列中下一个线程。这里要注意的是，下一个线程并不一定是当前节点的next节点，而是下一个可以用来唤醒的线程，如果这个节点存在，调用 unpark() 方法唤醒。

总之，release()是独占模式下线程释放共享资源的顶层入口。它会释放指定量的资源，如果彻底释放了（即state=0）,它会唤醒等待队列里的其他线程来获取资源。

3.3 acquireShared(int)

acquireShared(int) 方法是共享模式下线程获取共享资源的顶层入口。它会获取指定量的资源，获取成功则直接返回，获取失败则进入等待队列，直到获取到资源为止，整个过程忽略中断。下面是acquireShared()的源码：

/**
 * Acquires in shared mode, ignoring interrupts.  Implemented by
 * first invoking at least once {@link #tryAcquireShared},
 * returning on success.  Otherwise the thread is queued, possibly
 * repeatedly blocking and unblocking, invoking {@link
 * #tryAcquireShared} until success.
 *
 * @param arg the acquire argument.  This value is conveyed to
 *        {@link #tryAcquireShared} but is otherwise uninterpreted
 *        and can represent anything you like.
 */
public final void acquireShared(int arg) {
    if (tryAcquireShared(arg) < 0)
        doAcquireShared(arg);
}

3.4 releaseShared(int)

releaseShared(int) 方法是共享模式下线程释放共享资源的顶层入口。它会释放指定量的资源，如果成功释放且允许唤醒等待线程，它会唤醒等待队列里的其他线程来获取资源。下面是releaseShared()的源码：

/**
* Releases in shared mode.  Implemented by unblocking one or more
 * threads if {@link #tryReleaseShared} returns true.
 *
 * @param arg the release argument.  This value is conveyed to
 *        {@link #tryReleaseShared} but is otherwise uninterpreted
 *        and can represent anything you like.
 * @return the value returned from {@link #tryReleaseShared}
 */
public final boolean releaseShared(int arg) {
    if (tryReleaseShared(arg)) {
        doReleaseShared();
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

此方法的流程也比较简单，一句话：释放掉资源后，唤醒后继。跟独占模式下的release()相似，但有一点稍微需要注意：独占模式下的tryRelease()在完全释放掉资源（state=0）后，才会返回true去唤醒其他线程，这主要是基于独占下可重入的考量；而共享模式下的releaseShared()则没有这种要求，共享模式实质就是控制一定量的线程并发执行，那么拥有资源的线程在释放掉部分资源时就可以唤醒后继等待结点。

/**
  * Release action for shared mode -- signals successor and ensures
  * propagation. (Note: For exclusive mode, release just amounts
  * to calling unparkSuccessor of head if it needs signal.)
  */
 private void doReleaseShared() {
     /*
      * Ensure that a release propagates, even if there are other
      * in-progress acquires/releases.  This proceeds in the usual
      * way of trying to unparkSuccessor of head if it needs
      * signal. But if it does not, status is set to PROPAGATE to
      * ensure that upon release, propagation continues.
      * Additionally, we must loop in case a new node is added
      * while we are doing this. Also, unlike other uses of
      * unparkSuccessor, we need to know if CAS to reset status
      * fails, if so rechecking.
      */
     for (;;) {
         Node h = head;
         if (h != null && h != tail) {
             int ws = h.waitStatus;
             if (ws == Node.SIGNAL) {
                 if (!compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, Node.SIGNAL, 0))
                     continue;            // loop to recheck cases
                 unparkSuccessor(h);
             }
             else if (ws == 0 &&
                      !compareAndSetWaitStatus(h, 0, Node.PROPAGATE))
                 continue;                // loop on failed CAS
         }
         if (h == head)                   // loop if head changed
             break;
     }
 }