如何避免null checking

本文探讨了Java编程中处理空值的最佳实践,介绍了如何利用断言、空对象模式等技术来替代传统的!=null判断,从而提高代码的可读性和健壮性。

Avoiding != null statements

问题描述:

我在Java编程过程中使用的最多的就是,在使用一个对象之前,测试其是否为null,以防出现空指针异常(NPE,即NullPointerException)。但这样的代码非常丑陋,也降低了可读性。
有没有好的替代方案呢?
在获取对象的成员变量和成员方法时对其进行判null操作时有必要的,示例:

if (someObject != null) {
    someObject.doCalc();
}

这样,我就避免了空指针异常的产生,我也不确定该对象是都为null,因此上述测试在我的代码中无处不在。

最高票回答:

这个问题在我听来,是菜鸟向中级开发人员进阶的过程中会面临的非常合理且常见的问题:他们要么不知道,要么不信任他们参与的代码中所产生的结果,因此,他们以一个防御的姿态,过度地进行着null checking。此外,当他们自己编写代码时,也倾向于通过返回null来表明什么,因此,他们编写得代码也要求调用者去为null的情况做检查。
换句话说,有以下两种null checking的情况:
1. null是合理的返回值;
2. null不是一个合理的返回值

第二种情况很好解决,用assert表达式(断言)或者允许失败(比如NPE)。断言是自从jdk1.4引入后却一直未被充分利用的java语言特性。语法如下:

assert <condition>

or

assert <condition> : <object>

<condition>是一个布尔表达式,<object>是当错误产生时会调用其toString()方法的对象。
assert表达式当条件不为真时会抛出ErrorAssertionError)。默认情况下,Java会忽略断言。你可以在jvm启动时通过传递-ea选项来启用断言,还可以为不同的class或者package来启用或关闭断言。这也就意味着,你可以在开发测试阶段通过断言来验证代码的合理性,但在生产环境关闭断言,尽管我接下来的示例会表明,断言并不会对生产环境有任何性能影响。
在2这种情况下不用断言起始也是OK的,因为代码也会报错,和你使用断言时发生的情况是一样的。唯一的区别在于,断言可能更迅速,表意更明确,还可能会有额外的信息,有助于你在代码出现意想不到的情况时弄明白为什么。

第1种情况稍微有点棘手。当你对所调用的代码毫无控制权时,你会被困住。如果null就是一种合理的输出,你就需要对其进行检查。
如果所调用的代码你能控制时,那就是另外一个故事了。避免用null作为返回值。那些返回集合的方法,这个很简单,返回空集合(或者数组)一向都比返回null要好。
返回值不是集合的情况稍微难一点。考虑下面一种情况,假设你有以下接口:

public interface Action {
    void doSomething();
}

public interface Parser {
    Action findAction(String userInput);
}

Parser接受原始的用户输入并找到对应的事情去做,可能你在为某些事实现一个命令行接口。现在,你可能得约定好,如果没有合适的Action,你就会返回null。于是就有了你问题中的null checking。
一个可替代方案就是永远不返回null,反之,使用空对象模式(Null Object Pattern):

public class MyParser implements Parser {
    private static Action DO_NOTHING = new Action() {
        public void doSomething() { /* do nothing */ }
    };

    public Action findAction(String userInput) {
        // ...
        if (/* we can't find any actions */) {
            return DO_NOTHING;
        }
    }
}

比较下面两种:

Parser parser = ParserFactory.getParser();
if (parser == null) {
    // now what?
    // this would be an example of where null isn't (or shouldn't be) a valid response
}
Action action = parser.findAction(someInput);
if (action == null) {
    // do nothing
} else {
    action.doSomething();
}

vs

ParserFactory.getParser().findAction(someInput).doSomethins();

很明显,下面的方案更优,因为它更为简洁。

即便如此,可能对于find Action()来说,抛出带有明确错误信息的异常更为合适——尤其是那些你要依赖于用户输入的地方。方法findAction本身抛出异常会比调用者去放大该错误得到一个没有合理解释的NPE更好。

try {
    ParserFactory.getParser.findAction(someInput).doSomething();
} catch (ActionNotFoundException anfe) {
    userConsole.err(anfe.getMessage());
}

或者说,你认为try/catch块太丑的话,比 Do Nothing 更好的方式是你提供给用户反馈。

public Action findAction(final String userInput) {
    /* Code to return requested Action if found */
    return new Action() {
        userConsole.err("Action not found:" + userInput);
    }
}

本文翻译自StackOverflow中Java标签下的热贴——avoiding-null-statement。这篇帖子下关于这个问题还有很多有意思的讨论,比如null这个语法特性的设计,比如其他语言以及Java8中类似Optional的语法特性,还有像@NotNull @Nullable等等,感兴趣的你可以点击链接查看。

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(cached) yes\nchecking for mcrypt support... no\nchecking for MSSQL support via FreeTDS... no\nchecking for MySQL support... yes\nchecking for specified location of the MySQL UNIX socket... no", "stdout_lines": ["creating cache ./config.cache", "checking for Cygwin environment... no", "checking for mingw32 environment... no", "checking for egrep... grep -E", "checking for a sed that does not truncate output... /usr/bin/sed", "checking host system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu", "checking target system type... x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu", "checking for gcc... gcc", "checking whether the C compiler (gcc ) works... yes", "checking whether the C compiler (gcc ) is a cross-compiler... no", "checking whether we are using GNU C... yes", "checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes", "checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E", "checking for icc... no", "checking for suncc... no", "checking whether gcc and cc understand -c and -o together... yes", "checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E", "checking for AIX... no", "checking whether ln -s works... yes", "checking for system library directory... lib", "checking whether to enable runpaths... yes", "checking if compiler supports -R... no", "checking if compiler supports -Wl,-rpath,... yes", "checking for gawk... gawk", "checking for bison... no", "checking for byacc... no", "checking for bison version... invalid", "checking for re2c... no", "checking whether to enable computed goto gcc extension with re2c... no", "checking whether to force non-PIC code in shared modules... no", "checking whether /dev/urandom exists... yes", "checking for pthreads_cflags... -pthread", "checking for pthreads_lib... ", "", "\u001b[1mConfiguring SAPI modules\u001b[m", "checking for AOLserver support... no", "checking for Apache 1.x module support via DSO through APXS... no", "checking for Apache 1.x module support... no", "checking whether to enable Apache charset compatibility option... no", "checking for Apache 2.0 filter-module support via DSO through APXS... no", "checking for Apache 2.0 handler-module support via DSO through APXS... no", "checking for Apache 1.x (hooks) module support via DSO through APXS... no", "checking for Apache 1.x (hooks) module support... no", "checking whether to enable Apache charset compatibility option... no", "checking for Caudium support... no", "checking for CLI build... yes", "checking for Continuity support... no", "checking for embedded SAPI library support... no", "checking for FPM build... yes", "checking for setenv... yes", "checking for clearenv... yes", "checking for setproctitle... no", "checking for library containing socket... none required", "checking for library containing inet_addr... none required", "checking for errno.h... yes", "checking for fcntl.h... yes", "checking for stdio.h... yes", "checking for stdlib.h... yes", "checking for unistd.h... yes", "checking for sys/uio.h... yes", "checking for sys/select.h... yes", "checking for sys/socket.h... yes", "checking for sys/time.h... yes", "checking for arpa/inet.h... yes", "checking for netinet/in.h... yes", "checking for sysexits.h... yes", "checking for prctl... yes", "checking for clock_gettime... yes", "checking for ptrace... yes", "checking whether ptrace works... yes", "checking for proc mem file... mem", "checking if gcc supports __sync_bool_compare_and_swap... yes", "checking for TCP_INFO... yes", "checking for sysconf... yes", "checking for times... yes", "checking for kqueue... no", "checking for port framework... no", "checking for /dev/poll... no", "checking for epoll... yes", "checking for poll... yes", "checking for select... yes", "checking for Zeus ISAPI support... no", "checking for LiteSpeed support... no", "checking for Milter support... no", "checking for NSAPI support... no", "checking for PHTTPD support... no", "checking for Pi3Web support... no", "checking whether Roxen module is build using ZTS... no", "checking for Roxen/Pike support... ", "checking for thttpd... no", "checking for TUX... no", "checking for webjames... no", "checking for chosen SAPI module... fpm", "", "\u001b[1mRunning system checks\u001b[m", "checking for sendmail... no", "checking whether system uses EBCDIC... no", "checking whether byte ordering is bigendian... no", "checking whether writing to stdout works... This is the test message -- yes", "checking for socket... yes", "checking for socketpair... yes", "checking for htonl... yes", "checking for gethostname... yes", "checking for gethostbyaddr... yes", "checking for yp_get_default_domain... no", "checking for __yp_get_default_domain... no", "checking for yp_get_default_domain in -lnsl... no", "checking for __yp_get_default_domain in -lnsl... no", "checking for dlopen... no", "checking for __dlopen... no", "checking for dlopen in -ldl... yes", "checking for sin in -lm... yes", "checking for inet_aton... yes", "checking for ANSI C header files... yes", "checking for dirent.h that defines DIR... yes", "checking for opendir in -ldir... no", "checking for inttypes.h... yes", "checking for stdint.h... yes", "checking for dirent.h... yes", "checking for ApplicationServices/ApplicationServices.h... no", "checking for sys/param.h... yes", "checking for sys/types.h... yes", "checking for sys/time.h... (cached) yes", "checking for netinet/in.h... (cached) yes", "checking for alloca.h... yes", "checking for arpa/inet.h... (cached) yes", "checking for arpa/nameser.h... yes", "checking for assert.h... yes", "checking for crypt.h... yes", "checking for dns.h... no", "checking for fcntl.h... (cached) yes", "checking for grp.h... yes", "checking for ieeefp.h... no", "checking for langinfo.h... yes", "checking for limits.h... yes", "checking for locale.h... yes", "checking for monetary.h... yes", "checking for netdb.h... yes", "checking for pwd.h... yes", "checking for resolv.h... yes", "checking for signal.h... yes", "checking for stdarg.h... yes", "checking for stdlib.h... (cached) yes", "checking for string.h... yes", "checking for syslog.h... yes", "checking for sysexits.h... (cached) yes", "checking for sys/ioctl.h... yes", "checking for sys/file.h... yes", "checking for sys/mman.h... yes", "checking for sys/mount.h... yes", "checking for sys/poll.h... yes", "checking for sys/resource.h... yes", "checking for sys/select.h... (cached) yes", "checking for sys/socket.h... (cached) yes", "checking for sys/stat.h... yes", "checking for sys/statfs.h... yes", "checking for sys/statvfs.h... yes", "checking for sys/vfs.h... yes", "checking for sys/sysexits.h... no", "checking for sys/varargs.h... no", "checking for sys/wait.h... yes", "checking for sys/loadavg.h... no", "checking for termios.h... yes", "checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes", "checking for unix.h... no", "checking for utime.h... yes", "checking for sys/utsname.h... yes", "checking for sys/ipc.h... yes", "checking for dlfcn.h... yes", "checking for assert.h... (cached) yes", "checking for fopencookie... yes", "checking for broken getcwd... no", "checking for broken libc stdio... yes", "checking whether struct tm is in sys/time.h or time.h... time.h", "checking for tm_zone in struct tm... yes", "checking for missing declarations of reentrant functions... done", "checking for fclose declaration... ok", "checking for tm_gmtoff in struct tm... yes", "checking for struct flock... yes", "checking for socklen_t... yes", "checking size of size_t... 8", "checking size of long long... 8", "checking size of long long int... 8", "checking size of long... 8", "checking size of int... 4", "checking size of intmax_t... 8", "checking size of ssize_t... 8", "checking size of ptrdiff_t... 8", "checking for st_blksize in struct stat... yes", "checking for st_blocks in struct stat... yes", "checking for st_rdev in struct stat... yes", "checking for size_t... yes", "checking for uid_t in sys/types.h... yes", "checking for struct sockaddr_storage... yes", "checking for field sa_len in struct sockaddr... no", "checking for IPv6 support... yes", "checking for vprintf... yes", "checking for alphasort... yes", "checking for asctime_r... yes", "checking for chroot... yes", "checking for ctime_r... yes", "checking for cuserid... yes", "checking for crypt... no", "checking for flock... yes", "checking for ftok... yes", "checking for funopen... no", "checking for gai_strerror... yes", "checking for gcvt... yes", "checking for getloadavg... yes", "checking for getlogin... yes", "checking for getprotobyname... yes", "checking for getprotobynumber... yes", "checking for getservbyname... yes", "checking for getservbyport... yes", "checking for gethostname... (cached) yes", "checking for getrusage... yes", "checking for gettimeofday... yes", "checking for gmtime_r... yes", "checking for getpwnam_r... yes", "checking for getgrnam_r... yes", "checking for getpwuid_r... yes", "checking for grantpt... yes", "checking for inet_ntoa... yes", "checking for inet_ntop... yes", "checking for inet_pton... yes", "checking for isascii... yes", "checking for link... yes", "checking for localtime_r... yes", "checking for lockf... yes", "checking for lchown... yes", "checking for lrand48... yes", "checking for memcpy... yes", "checking for memmove... yes", "checking for mkstemp... yes", "checking for mmap... yes", "checking for nl_langinfo... yes", "checking for perror... yes", "checking for poll... yes", "checking for ptsname... yes", "checking for putenv... yes", "checking for realpath... yes", "checking for random... yes", "checking for rand_r... yes", "checking for scandir... yes", "checking for setitimer... yes", "checking for setlocale... yes", "checking for localeconv... yes", "checking for setenv... (cached) yes", "checking for setpgid... yes", "checking for setsockopt... yes", "checking for setvbuf... yes", "checking for shutdown... yes", "checking for sin... yes", "checking for snprintf... yes", "checking for srand48... yes", "checking for srandom... yes", "checking for statfs... yes", "checking for statvfs... yes", "checking for std_syslog... no", "checking for strcasecmp... yes", "checking for strcoll... yes", "checking for strdup... yes", "checking for strerror... yes", "checking for strftime... yes", "checking for strnlen... yes", "checking for strptime... yes", "checking for strstr... yes", "checking for strtok_r... yes", "checking for symlink... yes", "checking for tempnam... yes", "checking for tzset... yes", "checking for unlockpt... yes", "checking for unsetenv... yes", "checking for usleep... yes", "checking for utime... yes", "checking for vsnprintf... yes", "checking for vasprintf... yes", "checking for asprintf... yes", "checking for nanosleep... yes", "checking for nanosleep in -lrt... yes", "checking for getaddrinfo... yes", "checking for __sync_fetch_and_add... yes", "checking for strlcat... no", "checking for strlcpy... no", "checking for getopt... yes", "checking whether utime accepts a null argument... yes", "checking for working alloca.h... (cached) yes", "checking for alloca... yes", "checking for declared timezone... yes", "checking for type of reentrant time-related functions... POSIX", "checking for readdir_r... yes", "checking for type of readdir_r... POSIX", "checking for in_addr_t... yes", "checking for crypt_r... no", "", "\u001b[1mGeneral settings\u001b[m", "checking whether to include gcov symbols... no", "checking whether to include debugging symbols... no", "checking layout of installed files... PHP", "checking path to configuration file... /usr/local/php5", "checking where to scan for configuration files... ", "checking whether to enable safe mode by default... no", "checking for safe mode exec dir... /usr/local/php/bin", "checking whether to enable PHP's own SIGCHLD handler... no", "checking whether to enable magic quotes by default... no", "checking whether to explicitly link against libgcc... no", "checking whether to enable short tags by default... yes", "checking whether to enable dmalloc... no", "checking whether to enable IPv6 support... yes", "checking how big to make fd sets... using system default", "", "\u001b[1mConfiguring extensions\u001b[m", "checking size of long... (cached) 8", "checking size of int... (cached) 4", "checking for int32_t... yes", "checking for uint32_t... yes", "checking for sys/types.h... (cached) yes", "checking for inttypes.h... (cached) yes", "checking for stdint.h... (cached) yes", "checking for string.h... (cached) yes", "checking for stdlib.h... (cached) yes", "checking for strtoll... yes", "checking for atoll... yes", "checking for strftime... (cached) yes", "checking which regex library to use... php", "checking whether to enable LIBXML support... yes", "checking libxml2 install dir... no", "checking for xml2-config path... /usr/bin/xml2-config", "checking whether libxml build works... yes", "checking for OpenSSL support... no", "checking for Kerberos support... no", "checking for PCRE library to use... bundled", "checking whether to enable the SQLite3 extension... yes", "checking bundled sqlite3 library... yes", "checking for ZLIB support... yes", "checking if the location of ZLIB install directory is defined... no", "checking for gzgets in -lz... yes", "checking whether to enable bc style precision math functions... no", "checking for BZip2 support... no", "checking whether to enable calendar conversion support... no", "checking whether to enable ctype functions... yes", "checking for cURL support... no", "checking if we should use cURL for url streams... no", "checking for QDBM support... no", "checking for GDBM support... no", "checking for NDBM support... no", "checking for Berkeley DB4 support... no", "checking for Berkeley DB3 support... no", "checking for Berkeley DB2 support... no", "checking for DB1 support... no", "checking for DBM support... no", "checking for CDB support... no", "checking for INI File support... no", "checking for FlatFile support... no", "checking whether to enable DBA interface... no", "checking whether to enable DOM support... yes", "checking for xml2-config path... (cached) /usr/bin/xml2-config", "checking whether libxml build works... (cached) yes", "checking for ENCHANT support... no", "checking whether to enable EXIF (metadata from images) support... no", "checking for fileinfo support... yes", "checking for utimes... yes", "checking for strndup... yes", "checking whether to enable input filter support... yes", "checking pcre install prefix... no", "checking whether to enable FTP support... no", "checking OpenSSL dir for FTP... no", "checking for GD support... yes", "checking for the location of libjpeg... /usr/lib", "checking for the location of libpng... no", "checking for the location of libXpm... no", "checking for FreeType 2... no", "checking for T1lib support... no", "checking whether to enable truetype string function in GD... no", "checking whether to enable JIS-mapped Japanese font support in GD... no", "checking for fabsf... yes", "checking for floorf... yes", "checking for jpeg_read_header in -ljpeg... yes", "checking for png_write_image in -lpng... yes", "If configure fails try --with-xpm-dir=<DIR>", "If configure fails try --with-freetype-dir=<DIR>", "checking for GNU gettext support... no", "checking for GNU MP support... no", "checking for mhash support... no", "checking whether to enable hash support... yes", "checking whether byte ordering is bigendian... (cached) no", "checking size of short... 2", "checking size of int... (cached) 4", "checking size of long... (cached) 8", "checking size of long long... (cached) 8", "checking for iconv support... yes", "checking for iconv... yes", "checking if iconv is glibc's... yes", "checking if iconv supports errno... yes", "checking if your cpp allows macro usage in include lines... yes", "checking for IMAP support... no", "checking for IMAP Kerberos support... no", "checking for IMAP SSL support... no", "checking for InterBase support... no", "checking whether to enable internationalization support... no", "checking whether to enable JavaScript Object Serialization support... yes", "checking for ANSI C header files... (cached) yes", "checking for LDAP support... no", "checking for LDAP Cyrus SASL support... no", "checking whether to enable multibyte string support... yes", "checking whether to enable multibyte regex support... yes", "checking whether to check multibyte regex backtrack... yes", "checking for external libmbfl... no", "checking for external oniguruma... no", "checking for variable length prototypes and stdarg.h... yes", "checking for stdlib.h... (cached) yes", "checking for string.h... (cached) yes", "checking for strings.h... yes", "checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes", "checking for sys/time.h... (cached) yes", "checking for sys/times.h... yes", "checking for stdarg.h... (cached) yes", "checking size of int... (cached) 4", "checking size of short... (cached) 2", "checking size of long... (cached) 8", "checking for working const... yes", "checking whether time.h and sys/time.h may both be included... yes", "checking for working alloca.h... (cached) yes", "checking for alloca... (cached) yes", "checking for 8-bit clean memcmp... yes", "checking for stdarg.h... (cached) yes", "checking for mcrypt support... no", "checking for MSSQL support via FreeTDS... no", "checking for MySQL support... yes", "checking for specified location of the MySQL UNIX socket... no"]}
06-27
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