DirectX9 3D 快速上手 6

DirectX9 3D 快速上手 6

By sssa2000

4/25/2005

讲了很多，最基础的部分就剩下纹理没有讲到了。Texture是Directx里面非常重要的一部分。为了简便起见，我们还是以SDK的Tutorial5为例子。

纹理就像一张墙纸，用来贴在物体的表面，当然，如果足够大，贴一次就能覆盖整个物体的表面，也可以用适当的方法让纹理排列成你要的效果。

来看看纹理的比较重要的函数：Device.SetTexture

public void SetTexture(
    int stage, //纹理混合阶段序号，从0开始
    BaseTexture texture //要设置的纹理对象
);

 

public void SetTextureStageState(
    int stage, //纹理混合阶段序号
    TextureStageStates state, // TextureStageStates enumeration的成员
    int value //对应阶段状态的值
);

SetTextureStageState函数对处理不同的纹理坐标，颜色操作，Alpha操作，和凹凸映射/环境映射比较适用，但是这些操作只对DX9的固定功能的多纹理单元有效，不能将他们与像素shader连用。

public void SetSamplerState(
    int stage, //纹理混合阶段序号
    SamplerStageStates state, // SamplerStageStates enumeration的成员
  int value  //对应采样器状态的值
);

知道了这些下面读懂这些代码就很容易了，我们需要建立Vertex，这里我们需要有一点点地改变，在以前我们接触到的Vertex里面都不涉及到纹理，所以我们选择了CustomVertex里面不包括纹理的类型，现在我们要用CustomVertex.PositionNormalTextured，从名字就可以看出来，这个类型包括了法线还包括了位置的X,Y,Z，以及纹理坐标的Tu和Tv。

当然如果使用CustomVertex.PositionTextured 也是可以的，它不包括法线信息。

接下来我们需要为每个Vertex指定信息，我们先打断一下讲讲纹理坐标，为了通过指定纹理坐标来访问纹理中的每个图素，DX采用了一个一般化的编址方案，纹理地址由[0.0,1.0]区间内的坐标组成，这样我们就不用关心纹理的实际尺寸，例如可以使用( 0.0f , 0.0f ) ,( 1.0f , 0.0f ),( 1.0f , 1.0f ),( 0.0f , 1.0f )把一个纹理贴到一个矩形上，同样如果( 0.0f , 0.0f ) ,(0。 5f , 0.0f ),(0.5, 1.0f ),( 0.0f , 1.0f )就是纹理的左半边。

我们可以通过TextureLoader.FromFile方法来读入图片作为纹理。

这里代码很简单里面有详细的注释，我就不多讲了，

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

// File: texture.cs

//

// Desc: Better than just lights and materials, 3D objects look much more

//       convincing when texture-mapped. Textures can be thought of as a sort

//       of wallpaper, that is shrinkwrapped to fit a texture. Textures are

//       typically loaded from image files, and D3DX provides a utility to

//       function to do this for us. Like a vertex buffer, textures have

//       Lock() and Unlock() functions to access (read or write) the image

//       data. Textures have a width, height, miplevel, and pixel format. The

//       miplevel is for "mipmapped" textures, an advanced performance-

//       enhancing feature which uses lower resolutions of the texture for

//       objects in the distance where detail is less noticeable. The pixel

//       format determines how the colors are stored in a texel. The most

//       common formats are the 16-bit R 5G 6B5 format (5 bits of red, 6-bits of

//       green and 5 bits of blue) and the 32-bit A8R 8G 8B8 format (8 bits each

//       of alpha, red, green, and blue).

//

//       Textures are associated with geometry through texture coordinates.

//       Each vertex has one or more sets of texture coordinates, which are

//       named tu and tv and range from 0.0 to 1.0. Texture coordinates can be

//       supplied by the geometry, or can be automatically generated using

//       Direct3D texture coordinate generation (which is an advanced feature).

//

// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

using System;

using System.Drawing;

using System.Windows.Forms;

using Microsoft.DirectX;

using Microsoft.DirectX.Direct3D;

using Direct3D=Microsoft.DirectX.Direct3D;

 

namespace TextureTutorial

{

     public class Textures : Form

     {

         // Our global variables for this project

         Device device = null; // Our rendering device

         VertexBuffer vertexBuffer = null;

         Texture texture = null;

         PresentParameters presentParams = new PresentParameters();

         bool pause = false;

 

 

         public Textures()

         {

              // Set the initial size of our form

              this.ClientSize = new System.Drawing.Size(400,300);

              // And its caption

              this.Text = "Direct3D Tutorial 5 - Textures";

         }

 

         public bool InitializeGraphics()

         {

              try

              {

                   presentParams.Windowed=true; // We don't want to run fullscreen

                   presentParams.SwapEffect = SwapEffect.Discard; // Discard the frames

                   presentParams.EnableAutoDepthStencil = true; // Turn on a Depth stencil

                   presentParams.AutoDepthStencilFormat = DepthFormat.D16; // And the stencil format

                   device = new Device(0, DeviceType.Hardware, this, CreateFlags.SoftwareVertexProcessing, presentParams); //Create a device

                   device.DeviceReset += new System.EventHandler(this.OnResetDevice);

                   this.OnCreateDevice(device, null);

                   this.OnResetDevice(device, null);

                   pause = false;

 

                   return true;

              }

              catch (DirectXException)

              {

                   // Catch any errors and return a failure

                   return false;

              }

         }

         public void OnCreateDevice(object sender, EventArgs e)

         {

              Device dev = (Device)sender;

              // Now Create the VB

              vertexBuffer = new VertexBuffer(typeof(CustomVertex.PositionNormalTextured), 100, dev, Usage.WriteOnly, CustomVertex.PositionNormalTextured.Format, Pool.Default);

              vertexBuffer.Created += new System.EventHandler(this.OnCreateVertexBuffer);

              this.OnCreateVertexBuffer(vertexBuffer, null);

         }

         public void OnResetDevice(object sender, EventArgs e)

         {

              Device dev = (Device)sender;

              // Turn off culling, so we see the front and back of the triangle

              dev.RenderState.CullMode = Cull.None;

              // Turn off D3D lighting

              dev.RenderState.Lighting = false;

              // Turn on the ZBuffer

              dev.RenderState.ZBufferEnable = true;

              // Now create our texture

              texture = TextureLoader.FromFile(dev, Application.StartupPath + @"/../../banana.bmp");

         }

         public void OnCreateVertexBuffer(object sender, EventArgs e)

         {

              VertexBuffer vb = (VertexBuffer)sender;

              // Create a vertex buffer (100 customervertex)

              CustomVertex.PositionNormalTextured[] verts = (CustomVertex.PositionNormalTextured[])vb.Lock(0,0); // Lock the buffer (which will return our structs)

              for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++)

              {

                   // Fill up our structs

                   float theta = (float)(2 * Math.PI * i) / 49;

                   verts[2 * i].Position = new Vector3((float)Math.Sin(theta), -1, (float)Math.Cos(theta));

                   verts[2 * i].Normal = new Vector3((float)Math.Sin(theta), 0, (float)Math.Cos(theta));

                   verts[2 * i].Tu = ((float)i)/(50-1);

                   verts[2 * i].Tv = 1.0f ;

                   verts[2 * i + 1].Position = new Vector3((float)Math.Sin(theta), 1, (float)Math.Cos(theta));

                   verts[2 * i + 1].Normal = new Vector3((float)Math.Sin(theta), 0, (float)Math.Cos(theta));

                   verts[2 * i + 1].Tu = ((float)i)/(50-1);

                   verts[2 * i + 1].Tv = 0.0f ;

              }

              // Unlock (and copy) the data

              vb.Unlock();

         }

         private void SetupMatrices()

         {

              // For our world matrix, we will just rotate the object about the y-axis.

              device.Transform.World = Matrix.RotationAxis(new Vector3((float)Math.Cos(Environment.TickCount / 250.0f ),1,(float)Math.Sin(Environment.TickCount / 250.0f )), Environment.TickCount / 1000.0f );

 

              // Set up our view matrix. A view matrix can be defined given an eye point,

              // a point to lookat, and a direction for which way is up. Here, we set the

              // eye five units back along the z-axis and up three units, look at the

              // origin, and define "up" to be in the y-direction.

              device.Transform.View = Matrix.LookAtLH( new Vector3( 0.0f , 3.0f , -5.0f ), new Vector3( 0.0f , 0.0f , 0.0f ), new Vector3( 0.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f ) );

 

              // For the projection matrix, we set up a perspective transform (which

              // transforms geometry from 3D view space to 2D viewport space, with

              // a perspective divide making objects smaller in the distance). To build

              // a perpsective transform, we need the field of view (1/4 pi is common),

              // the aspect ratio, and the near and far clipping planes (which define at

              // what distances geometry should be no longer be rendered).

              device.Transform.Projection = Matrix.PerspectiveFovLH( (float)Math.PI / 4.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f , 100.0f );

         }

 

         private void Render()

         {

              if (pause)

                   return;

 

              //Clear the backbuffer to a blue color

              device.Clear(ClearFlags.Target | ClearFlags.ZBuffer, System.Drawing.Color.Blue, 1.0f , 0);

              //Begin the scene

              device.BeginScene();

              // Setup the world, view, and projection matrices

              SetupMatrices();

              // Setup our texture. Using textures introduces the texture stage states,

              // which govern how textures get blended together (in the case of multiple

              // textures) and lighting information. In this case, we are modulating

              // (blending) our texture with the diffuse color of the vertices.

              device.SetTexture(0,texture);

              device.TextureState[0].ColorOperation = TextureOperation.Modulate;

              device.TextureState[0].ColorArgument1 = TextureArgument.TextureColor;

              device.TextureState[0].ColorArgument2 = TextureArgument.Diffuse;

              device.TextureState[0].AlphaOperation = TextureOperation.Disable;

    

              device.SetStreamSource(0, vertexBuffer, 0);

              device.VertexFormat = CustomVertex.PositionNormalTextured.Format;

              device.DrawPrimitives(PrimitiveType.TriangleStrip, 0, (4*25)-2);

              //End the scene

              device.EndScene();

              // Update the screen

              device.Present();

         }

 

         protected override void OnPaint(System.Windows.Forms.PaintEventArgs e)

         {

              this.Render(); // Render on painting

         }

         protected override void OnKeyPress(System.Windows.Forms.KeyPressEventArgs e)

         {

              if ((int)(byte)e.KeyChar == (int)System.Windows.Forms.Keys.Escape)

                   this.Dispose(); // Esc was pressed

         }

        protected override void OnResize(System.EventArgs e)

        {

            pause = ((this.WindowState == FormWindowState.Minimized) || !this.Visible);

        }

 

       

       

        /// <summary>

         /// The main entry point for the application.

         /// </summary>

         static void Main ()

         {

 

            using (Textures frm = new Textures())

            {

                if (!frm.InitializeGraphics()) // Initialize Direct3D

                {

                    MessageBox.Show("Could not initialize Direct3D.  This tutorial will exit.");

                    return;

                }

                frm.Show();

 

                // While the form is still valid, render and process messages

                while(frm.Created)

                {

                    frm.Render();

                    Application.DoEvents();

                }

            }

         }

 

     }

}

这里还有一个简单的方法处理纹理，其实也差不多，看上去简单一些而已：

tex = new Texture(device, new Bitmap(this.GetType(), "puck.bmp"), Usage.Dynamic, Pool.Default);

然后在画图的时候用一句

device.SetTexture(0, tex );

就可以把纹理设置到物体上了，不过如果要进行稍微复杂的纹理操作，这个方法就不管用了。

关于纹理的东西还有很多很多，比如纹理的寻址模式，纹理包装，纹理过滤抗锯齿以及alpha混合 和多重纹理等等，这里介绍的只是九牛一毛，不过这些在后面都会慢慢介绍到。

By sssa2000