CISSP考点拾遗——渗透测试的各阶段

NIST视角下的渗透测试四阶段解析
文章详细阐述了NISTSP800-115定义的渗透测试四个阶段:计划(确定范围和规则,获取授权)、发现(信息收集和扫描探测)、攻击(利用工具证实系统漏洞)和报告(提供给CIO、CISO等相关人员)。每个阶段包含具体的活动和工具,强调了在整个过程中与管理层的沟通和信息安全管理的重要性。

关于渗透测试究竟包含哪些阶段,CBK、OSG v8、OSG v9和AIO每个说的都不一样,考试时该按谁的呀(@_@;)

凡遇到这种情况,应按如下优先级取舍:

法律或标准(NIST或ISO) > CBK > OSG > AIO

关于上述问题,OSG v9引用了NIST SP 800-115 信息安全测试和评估技术指南,而它又是官方推荐教材的最新版,所以自然应该信这个咯。

NIST将渗透测试过程定义为下图所示的四个阶段:

1、计划阶段:

计划阶段没有实际的测试发生,但是为渗透测试的成功奠定了基础,主要工作成果包括:

1)识别测试的范围和规则,确保测试团队和管理层对测试的性质达成一致;

2)获得和记录管理层的明确的授权。

2、发现阶段:

发现阶段一般又被分为两个部分,第一部分通常被称为“发现和侦察”,收集有关目标的信息。这一部分不产生可能触发警觉的不寻常流量,一般通过OSINT或正常的访问系统功能和内容来进行,包括:

1)社交媒体,以确定目标或有用的个人细节,用于网络钓鱼。

2)公共记录,如域名系统(DNS)或公司网站的服务或位置信息,常用工具whois;

3)攻击面数据,如列举与目标的DNS记录相关的IP地址,以及关于使用中的服务的潜在细节,常用工具nslookup、dig、搜索引擎等

4)实际观察,如监测员工的行动,拍照,开车经过,或观察设施,或在垃圾箱里翻找以获得信息的硬拷贝。

第二部分是扫描和探测,目的是识别潜在目标并收集更详细的信息,这会需要向目标系统发送一些不同于普通访问的流量,这就引入了被目标组织的安全程序发现的

This document provides guidelines for federal organizations’ acquisition and use of security-related information technology (IT) products and services. NIST’s advice is provided in the context of larger recommendations regarding security assurance (see NIST Special Publication 800-23, http://csrc.nist.gov). This document has been developed by NIST in furtherance of its statutory responsibilities (under the Computer Security Act of 1987 and the Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996, specifically 15 U.S.C. 278 g-3 (a)(5)). This is not a guideline within the meaning of (15 U.S.C. 278 g-3 (a)(3)). These guidelines are for use by federal organizations which process sensitive information. They are consistent with the requirements of Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-130, Appendix III. This document may be used by nongovernmental organizations on a voluntary basis. It is not subject to copyright. Nothing in this document should be taken to contradict standards and guidelines made mandatory and binding upon federal agencies by the Secretary of Commerce under statutory authority. Nor should these guidelines be interpreted as altering or superseding the existing authorities of the Secretary of Commerce, the Director of the OMB, or any other federal official. Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
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