函数作用:
系统提供select函数来实现多路复用输入/输出模型。select系统调用是用来让我们的程序监视多个文件句柄的状态变化的。程序会停在select这里等待,直到被监视的文件句柄有一个或多个发生了状态改变。关于文件句柄,其实就是一个整数,我们最熟悉的句柄是0、1、2三个,0是标准输入,1是标准输出,2是标准错误输出。0、1、2是整数表示的,对应的FILE *结构的表示就是stdin、stdout、stderr。
int select(int maxfdp,fd_set *readfds,fd_set *writefds,fd_set *errorfds,struct timeval *timeout); /*参数列表 int maxfdp是一个整数值,是指集合中所有文件描述符的范围,即所有文件描述符的最大值加1,不能错!在Windows中这个参数的值无所谓,可以设置不正确。 fd_set *readfds是指向fd_set结构的指针,这个集合中应该包括文件描述符,我们是要监视这些文件描述符的读变化的,即我们关心是否可以从这些文件中读取数据了,如果这个集合中有一个文件可读,select就会返回一个大于0的值,表示有文件可读,如果没有可读的文件,则根据timeout参数再判断是否超时,若超出timeout的时间,select返回0,若发生错误返回负值。可以传入NULL值,表示不关心任何文件的读变化。 fd_set *writefds是指向fd_set结构的指针,这个集合中应该包括文件描述符,我们是要监视这些文件描述符的写变化的,即我们关心是否可以向这些文件中写入数据了,如果这个集合中有一个文件可写,select就会返回一个大于0的值,表示有文件可写,如果没有可写的文件,则根据timeout参数再判断是否超时,若超出timeout的时间,select返回0,若发生错误返回负值。可以传入NULL值,表示不关心任何文件的写变化。 fd_set *errorfds同上面两个参数的意图,用来监视文件错误异常。 struct timeval* timeout是select的超时时间,这个参数至关重要,它可以使select处于三种状态: 第一,若将NULL以形参传入,即不传入时间结构,就是将select置于阻塞状态,一定等到监视文件描述符集合中某个文件描述符发生变化为止; 第二,若将时间值设为0秒0毫秒,就变成一个纯粹的非阻塞函数,不管文件描述符是否有变化,都立刻返回继续执行,文件无变化返回0,有变化返回一个正值; 第三,timeout的值大于0,这就是等待的超时时间,即 select在timeout时间内阻塞,超时时间之内有事件到来就返回了,否则在超时后不管怎样一定返回,返回值同上述。 */
/* 返回值:
负值:select错误
正值:某些文件可读写或出错
0:等待超时,没有可读写或错误的文件
*/
函数原型:
- int select(int maxfd,fd_set *rdset,fd_set *wrset, \
- fd_set *exset,struct timeval *timeout);
int select(int maxfd,fd_set *rdset,fd_set *wrset, \
fd_set *exset,struct timeval *timeout);
参数说明:
参数maxfd是需要监视的最大的文件描述符值+1;rdset,wrset,exset分别对应于需要检测的可读文件描述符的集合,可写文件描述符的集 合及异常文件描述符的集合。struct timeval结构用于描述一段时间长度,如果在这个时间内,需要监视的描述符没有事件发生则函数返回,返回值为0。
下面的宏提供了处理这三种描述词组的方式:
FD_CLR(inr fd,fd_set* set);用来清除描述词组set中相关fd 的位
FD_ISSET(int fd,fd_set *set);用来测试描述词组set中相关fd 的位是否为真
FD_SET(int fd,fd_set*set);用来设置描述词组set中相关fd的位
FD_ZERO(fd_set *set);用来清除描述词组set的全部位
参数timeout为结构timeval,用来设置select()的等待时间,其结构定义如下:
- struct timeval
- {
- time_t tv_sec;//second
- time_t tv_usec;//minisecond
- };
struct timeval
{
time_t tv_sec;//second
time_t tv_usec;//minisecond
};
如果参数timeout设为:
NULL,则表示select()没有timeout,select将一直被阻塞,直到某个文件描述符上发生了事件。
0:仅检测描述符集合的状态,然后立即返回,并不等待外部事件的发生。
特定的时间值:如果在指定的时间段里没有事件发生,select将超时返回。
函数返回值:
执行成功则返回文件描述词状态已改变的个数,如果返回0代表在描述词状态改变前已超过timeout时间,没有返回;当有错误发生时则返回-1,错误原因存于errno,此时参数readfds,writefds,exceptfds和timeout的值变成不可预测。错误值可能为:
EBADF 文件描述词为无效的或该文件已关闭
EINTR 此调用被信号所中断
EINVAL 参数n 为负值。
ENOMEM 核心内存不足
常见的程序片段如下:
fs_set readset;
FD_ZERO(&readset);
FD_SET(fd,&readset);
select(fd+1,&readset,NULL,NULL,NULL);
if(FD_ISSET(fd,readset){……}
理解select模型:
理解select模型的关键在于理解fd_set,为说明方便,取fd_set长度为1字节,fd_set中的每一bit可以对应一个文件描述符fd。则1字节长的fd_set最大可以对应8个fd。
(1)执行fd_set set; FD_ZERO(&set);则set用位表示是0000,0000。
(2)若fd=5,执行FD_SET(fd,&set);后set变为0001,0000(第5位置为1)
(3)若再加入fd=2,fd=1,则set变为0001,0011
(4)执行select(6,&set,0,0,0)阻塞等待
(5)若fd=1,fd=2上都发生可读事件,则select返回,此时set变为0000,0011。注意:没有事件发生的fd=5被清空。
基于上面的讨论,可以轻松得出select模型的特点:
(1)可监控的文件描述符个数取决与sizeof(fd_set)的值。我这边服务 器上sizeof(fd_set)=512,每bit表示一个文件描述符,则我服务器上支持的最大文件描述符是512*8=4096。据说可调,另有说虽 然可调,但调整上限受于编译内核时的变量值。本人对调整fd_set的大小不太感兴趣,参考http://www.cppblog.com /CppExplore/archive/2008/03/21/45061.html中的模型2(1)可以有效突破select可监控的文件描述符上 限。
(2)将fd加入select监控集的同时,还要再使用一个数据结构array保存放到select监控集中的fd,一是用于再select 返回后,array作为源数据和fd_set进行FD_ISSET判断。二是select返回后会把以前加入的但并无事件发生的fd清空,则每次开始 select前都要重新从array取得fd逐一加入(FD_ZERO最先),扫描array的同时取得fd最大值maxfd,用于select的第一个 参数。
(3)可见select模型必须在select前循环array(加fd,取maxfd),select返回后循环array(FD_ISSET判断是否有时间发生)。
下面给一个伪码说明基本select模型的服务器模型:
- nSock=0;
- array[nSock++]=listen_fd;(之前listen port已绑定并listen)
- maxfd=listen_fd;
- while(1){
- FD_ZERO(&set);
- foreach (fd in array)
- {
- fd大于maxfd,则maxfd=fd
- FD_SET(fd,&set)
- }
- res=select(maxfd+1,&set,0,0,0);
- if(FD_ISSET(listen_fd,&set))
- {
- newfd=accept(listen_fd);
- array[nsock++]=newfd;
- if(--res<=0) continue;
- }
- foreach 下标1开始 (fd in array)
- {
- if(FD_ISSET(fd,&tyle="COLOR: #ff0000">set))
- 执行读等相关操作
- 如果错误或者关闭,则要删除该fd,将array中相应位置和最后一个元素互换就好,nsock减一
- if(--res<=0) continue;
- }
- }
nSock=0;
array[nSock++]=listen_fd;(之前listen port已绑定并listen)
maxfd=listen_fd;
while(1){
FD_ZERO(&set);
foreach (fd in array)
{
fd大于maxfd,则maxfd=fd
FD_SET(fd,&set)
}
res=select(maxfd+1,&set,0,0,0);
if(FD_ISSET(listen_fd,&set))
{
newfd=accept(listen_fd);
array[nsock++]=newfd;
if(--res<=0) continue;
}
foreach 下标1开始 (fd in array)
{
if(FD_ISSET(fd,&tyle="COLOR: #ff0000">set))
执行读等相关操作
如果错误或者关闭,则要删除该fd,将array中相应位置和最后一个元素互换就好,nsock减一
if(--res<=0) continue;
}
}
检测键盘有无输入,完整的程序如下:
- #include<sys/time.h>
- #include<sys/types.h>
- #include<unistd.h>
- #include<string.h>
- #include<stdlib.h>
- #include<stdio.h>
- int main()
- {
- char buf[10]="";
- fd_set rdfds;
- struct timeval tv;
- int ret;
- FD_ZERO(&rdfds);
- FD_SET(0,&rdfds); //文件描述符0表示stdin键盘输入
- tv.tv_sec = 3;
- tv.tv_usec = 500;
- ret = select(1,&rdfds,NULL,NULL,&tv);
- if(ret<0)
- printf("\n selcet");
- else if(ret == 0)
- printf("\n timeout");
- else
- printf("\n ret = %d",ret);
- if(FD_ISSET(1,&rdfds)) //如果有输入,从stdin中获取输入字符
- {
- printf("\n reading");
- fread(buf,9,1,stdin);
- }
- write(1,buf,strlen(buf));
- printf("\n %d \n",strlen(buf));
- return 0;
- }
- //执行结果ret = 1.
#include<sys/time.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
char buf[10]="";
fd_set rdfds;
struct timeval tv;
int ret;
FD_ZERO(&rdfds);
FD_SET(0,&rdfds); //文件描述符0表示stdin键盘输入
tv.tv_sec = 3;
tv.tv_usec = 500;
ret = select(1,&rdfds,NULL,NULL,&tv);
if(ret<0)
printf("\n selcet");
else if(ret == 0)
printf("\n timeout");
else
printf("\n ret = %d",ret);
if(FD_ISSET(1,&rdfds)) //如果有输入,从stdin中获取输入字符
{
printf("\n reading");
fread(buf,9,1,stdin);
}
write(1,buf,strlen(buf));
printf("\n %d \n",strlen(buf));
return 0;
}
//执行结果ret = 1.
利用Select模型,设计的web服务器:
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <unistd.h>
- #include <errno.h>
- #include <string.h>
- #include <sys/types.h>
- #include <sys/socket.h>
- #include <netinet/in.h>
- #include <arpa/inet.h>
- #define MYPORT 88960 // the port users will be connecting to
- #define BACKLOG 10 // how many pending connections queue will hold
- #define BUF_SIZE 200
- int fd_A[BACKLOG]; // accepted connection fd
- int conn_amount; // current connection amount
- void showclient()
- {
- int i;
- printf("client amount: %d\n", conn_amount);
- for (i = 0; i < BACKLOG; i++) {
- printf("[%d]:%d ", i, fd_A[i]);
- }
- printf("\n\n");
- }
- int main(void)
- {
- int sock_fd, new_fd; // listen on sock_fd, new connection on new_fd
- struct sockaddr_in server_addr; // server address information
- struct sockaddr_in client_addr; // connector's address information
- socklen_t sin_size;
- int yes = 1;
- char buf[BUF_SIZE];
- int ret;
- int i;
- if ((sock_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) == -1) {
- perror("socket");
- exit(1);
- }
- if (setsockopt(sock_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &yes, sizeof(int)) == -1) {
- perror("setsockopt");
- exit(1);
- }
- server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; // host byte order
- server_addr.sin_port = htons(MYPORT); // short, network byte order
- server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY; // automatically fill with my IP
- memset(server_addr.sin_zero, '\0', sizeof(server_addr.sin_zero));
- if (bind(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) == -1) {
- perror("bind");
- exit(1);
- }
- if (listen(sock_fd, BACKLOG) == -1) {
- perror("listen");
- exit(1);
- }
- printf("listen port %d\n", MYPORT);
- fd_set fdsr;
- int maxsock;
- struct timeval tv;
- conn_amount = 0;
- sin_size = sizeof(client_addr);
- maxsock = sock_fd;
- while (1) {
- // initialize file descriptor set
- FD_ZERO(&fdsr);
- FD_SET(sock_fd, &fdsr);
- // timeout setting
- tv.tv_sec = 30;
- tv.tv_usec = 0;
- // add active connection to fd set
- for (i = 0; i < BACKLOG; i++) {
- if (fd_A[i] != 0) {
- FD_SET(fd_A[i], &fdsr);
- }
- }
- ret = select(maxsock + 1, &fdsr, NULL, NULL, &tv);
- if (ret < 0) {
- perror("select");
- break;
- } else if (ret == 0) {
- printf("timeout\n");
- continue;
- }
- // check every fd in the set
- for (i = 0; i < conn_amount; i++) {
- if (FD_ISSET(fd_A[i], &fdsr)) {
- ret = recv(fd_A[i], buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
- char str[] = "Good,very nice!\n";
- send(fd_A[i],str,sizeof(str) + 1, 0);
- if (ret <= 0) { // client close
- printf("client[%d] close\n", i);
- close(fd_A[i]);
- FD_CLR(fd_A[i], &fdsr);
- fd_A[i] = 0;
- } else { // receive data
- if (ret < BUF_SIZE)
- memset(&buf[ret], '\0', 1);
- printf("client[%d] send:%s\n", i, buf);
- }
- }
- }
- // check whether a new connection comes
- if (FD_ISSET(sock_fd, &fdsr)) {
- new_fd = accept(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, &sin_size);
- if (new_fd <= 0) {
- perror("accept");
- continue;
- }
- // add to fd queue
- if (conn_amount < BACKLOG) {
- fd_A[conn_amount++] = new_fd;
- printf("new connection client[%d] %s:%d\n", conn_amount,
- inet_ntoa(client_addr.sin_addr), ntohs(client_addr.sin_port));
- if (new_fd > maxsock)
- maxsock = new_fd;
- }
- else {
- printf("max connections arrive, exit\n");
- send(new_fd, "bye", 4, 0);
- close(new_fd);
- break;
- }
- }
- showclient();
- }
- // close other connections
- for (i = 0; i < BACKLOG; i++) {
- if (fd_A[i] != 0) {
- close(fd_A[i]);
- }
- }
- exit(0);
- }
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#define MYPORT 88960 // the port users will be connecting to
#define BACKLOG 10 // how many pending connections queue will hold
#define BUF_SIZE 200
int fd_A[BACKLOG]; // accepted connection fd
int conn_amount; // current connection amount
void showclient()
{
int i;
printf("client amount: %d\n", conn_amount);
for (i = 0; i < BACKLOG; i++) {
printf("[%d]:%d ", i, fd_A[i]);
}
printf("\n\n");
}
int main(void)
{
int sock_fd, new_fd; // listen on sock_fd, new connection on new_fd
struct sockaddr_in server_addr; // server address information
struct sockaddr_in client_addr; // connector's address information
socklen_t sin_size;
int yes = 1;
char buf[BUF_SIZE];
int ret;
int i;
if ((sock_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) == -1) {
perror("socket");
exit(1);
}
if (setsockopt(sock_fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &yes, sizeof(int)) == -1) {
perror("setsockopt");
exit(1);
}
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; // host byte order
server_addr.sin_port = htons(MYPORT); // short, network byte order
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY; // automatically fill with my IP
memset(server_addr.sin_zero, '\0', sizeof(server_addr.sin_zero));
if (bind(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) == -1) {
perror("bind");
exit(1);
}
if (listen(sock_fd, BACKLOG) == -1) {
perror("listen");
exit(1);
}
printf("listen port %d\n", MYPORT);
fd_set fdsr;
int maxsock;
struct timeval tv;
conn_amount = 0;
sin_size = sizeof(client_addr);
maxsock = sock_fd;
while (1) {
// initialize file descriptor set
FD_ZERO(&fdsr);
FD_SET(sock_fd, &fdsr);
// timeout setting
tv.tv_sec = 30;
tv.tv_usec = 0;
// add active connection to fd set
for (i = 0; i < BACKLOG; i++) {
if (fd_A[i] != 0) {
FD_SET(fd_A[i], &fdsr);
}
}
ret = select(maxsock + 1, &fdsr, NULL, NULL, &tv);
if (ret < 0) {
perror("select");
break;
} else if (ret == 0) {
printf("timeout\n");
continue;
}
// check every fd in the set
for (i = 0; i < conn_amount; i++) {
if (FD_ISSET(fd_A[i], &fdsr)) {
ret = recv(fd_A[i], buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
char str[] = "Good,very nice!\n";
send(fd_A[i],str,sizeof(str) + 1, 0);
if (ret <= 0) { // client close
printf("client[%d] close\n", i);
close(fd_A[i]);
FD_CLR(fd_A[i], &fdsr);
fd_A[i] = 0;
} else { // receive data
if (ret < BUF_SIZE)
memset(&buf[ret], '\0', 1);
printf("client[%d] send:%s\n", i, buf);
}
}
}
// check whether a new connection comes
if (FD_ISSET(sock_fd, &fdsr)) {
new_fd = accept(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, &sin_size);
if (new_fd <= 0) {
perror("accept");
continue;
}
// add to fd queue
if (conn_amount < BACKLOG) {
fd_A[conn_amount++] = new_fd;
printf("new connection client[%d] %s:%d\n", conn_amount,
inet_ntoa(client_addr.sin_addr), ntohs(client_addr.sin_port));
if (new_fd > maxsock)
maxsock = new_fd;
}
else {
printf("max connections arrive, exit\n");
send(new_fd, "bye", 4, 0);
close(new_fd);
break;
}
}
showclient();
}
// close other connections
for (i = 0; i < BACKLOG; i++) {
if (fd_A[i] != 0) {
close(fd_A[i]);
}
}
exit(0);
}
补充部分:
1 基本原理
注:select 原理图,摘自 IBM iSeries 信息中心。
1 数据结构与函数原型
1.1 select
- 函数原型
int select( int nfds, fd_set *readset, fd_set *writeset, fd_set* exceptset, struct timeval *timeout );
- 头文件
-
select
位于:#include <sys/select.h>
-
struct timeval
位于:#include <sys/time.h>
-
- 返回值
返回对应位仍然为1的fd的总数。
- 参数
- nfds:第一个参数是:最大的文件描述符值+1;
- readset:可读描述符集合;
- writeset:可写描述符集合;
- exceptset:异常描述符;
- timeout:select 的监听时长,如果这短时间内所监听的 socket 没有事件发生。
1.2 fd_set
1.2.1 清空描述符集合
FD_ZERO(fd_set *)
1.2.2 向描述符集合添加指定描述符
FD_SET(int, fd_set *)
1.2.3 从描述符集合删除指定描述符
FD_CLR(int, fd_set *)
1.2.4 检测指定描述符是否在描述符集合中
FD_ISSET(int, fd_set *)
1.2.5 描述符最大数量
#define FD_SETSIZE 1024
1.3 描述符集合
可读描述符集合中可读的描述符,为1,其他为0;可写也类似。异常描述符集合中有异常等待处理的描述符的值为1,其他为0。
1.4 ioctl
-
函数原型:
int ioctl(int handle, int cmd,[int *argdx, int argcx]);
-
头文件:
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
-
返回值:
- 0 - 成功
- 1 - 失败
2 示例
程序各部分的解释在注释中。
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int i, len, rc, on = TRUE;
int listen_sd, new_sd = 0, max_sd;
int desc_ready;
char buffer[80];
int close_conn, end_server = FALSE;
struct sockaddr_in server_addr;
struct timeval timeout;
struct fd_set master_set, working_set;
// Listen
listen_sd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (listen_sd < 0)
{
perror("socket() failed");
exit(-1);
}
// Set socket options
rc = setsockopt(listen_sd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, (char *) &on, sizeof(on));
if (rc < 0)
{
perror("setsockopt() failed");
close(listen_sd);
exit(-1);
}
// Set IO control
rc = ioctl(listen_sd, FIONBIO, (char *) &on);
if (rc < 0)
{
perror("ioctl() failed");
close(listen_sd);
exit(-1);
}
// Bind
memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(server_addr));
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
server_addr.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[1]));
rc = bind(listen_sd, (struct sockaddr *) &server_addr, sizeof(server_addr));
if (rc < 0)
{
perror("bind() failed\n");
close(listen_sd);
exit(-1);
}
// Listen
rc = listen(listen_sd, 32);
if (rc < 0)
{
perror("listen() failed\n");
close(listen_sd);
exit(-1);
}
// Intialize sd set
FD_ZERO(&master_set);
max_sd = listen_sd;
FD_SET(listen_sd, &master_set);
timeout.tv_sec = 3 * 60;
timeout.tv_usec = 0;
// Start
do
{
// Copy master_set into working_set
memcpy(&working_set, &master_set, sizeof(master_set));
printf("Waiting on select()...\n");
rc = select(max_sd + 1, &working_set, NULL, NULL, &timeout);
if (rc < 0)
{
perror(" select() failed\n");
break;
}
if (rc == 0)
{
printf(" select() timed out. End program.\n");
break;
}
desc_ready = rc; // number of sds ready in working_set
// Check each sd in working_set
for (i = 0; i <= max_sd && desc_ready > 0; ++i)
{
// Check to see if this sd is ready
if (FD_ISSET(i, &working_set))
{
--desc_ready;
// Check to see if this is the listening sd
if (i == listen_sd)
{
printf(" Listeing socket is readable\n");
do
{
// Accept
new_sd = accept(listen_sd, NULL, NULL);
// Nothing to be accepted
if (new_sd < 0)
{
// All have been accepted
if (errno != EWOULDBLOCK)
{
perror(" accept() failed\n");
end_server = TRUE;
}
break;
}
// Insert new_sd into master_set
printf(" New incoming connection - %d\n", new_sd);
FD_SET(new_sd, &master_set);
if (new_sd > max_sd)
{
max_sd = new_sd;
}
}
while (new_sd != -1);
}
// This is not the listening sd
else
{
close_conn = FALSE;
printf(" Descriptor %d is avaliable\n", i);
do
{
rc = recv(i, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0);
// Receive data on sd "i", until failure occurs
if (rc < 0)
{
// Normal failure
if (errno != EWOULDBLOCK)
{
perror(" recv() failed\n");
close_conn = TRUE;
}
break;
}
// The connection has been closed by the client
if (rc == 0)
{
printf(" Connection closed\n");
close_conn = TRUE;
break;
}
/* Receiving data succeeded and echo it back
the to client */
len = rc;
printf(" %d bytes received\n", len);
rc = send(i, buffer, len, 0);
if (rc < 0)
{
perror(" send() failed");
close_conn = TRUE;
break;
}
}
while (TRUE);
// If unknown failure occured
if (close_conn)
{
// Close the sd and remove it from master_set
close(i);
FD_CLR(i, &master_set);
// If this is the max sd
if (i == max_sd)
{
// Find the max sd in master_set now
while (FD_ISSET(max_sd, &master_set) == FALSE)
{
--max_sd;
}
} // End of if (i == max_sd)
} // End of if (close_conn)
}
}
}
}
while (end_server == FALSE);
/* Close each sd in master_set */
for (i = 0; i < max_sd; ++i)
{
if (FD_ISSET(i, &master_set))
{
close(i);
}
}
return 0;
}
关于select在异步(非阻塞)connect中的应用, 用select可以很好地解决这一问题.大致过程是这样的:
1.将打开的socket设为非阻塞的,可以用fcntl(socket, F_SETFL, O_NDELAY)完 成(有的系统用FNEDLAY也可).
2.发connect调用,这时返回-1,但是errno被设为EINPROGRESS,意即connect仍旧 在进行还没有完成.
3.将打开的socket设进被监视的可写(注意不是可读)文件集合用select进行监视, 如果可写,用 getsockopt(socket, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, &error, sizeof(int)); 来得到error的值,如果为零,则connect成功.
- /usr/include/asm/errno.h
- #define EPERM 1 /* Operation not permitted */操作不允许
- #define ENOENT 2 /* No such file or directory */文件/路径不存在
- #define ESRCH 3 /* No such process */进程不存在
- #define EINTR 4 /* Interrupted system call */中断的系统调用
- #define EIO 5 /* I/O error */I/O错误
- #define ENXIO 6 /* No such device or address */设备/地址不存在
- #define E2BIG 7 /* Arg list too long */参数列表过长
- #define ENOEXEC 8 /* Exec format error */执行格式错误
- #define EBADF 9 /* Bad file number */错误文件编号
- #define ECHILD 10 /* No child processes */子进程不存在
- #define EAGAIN 11 /* Try again */重试
- #define ENOMEM 12 /* Out of memory */内存不足
- #define EACCES 13 /* Permission denied */无权限
- #define EFAULT 14 /* Bad address */地址错误
- #define ENOTBLK 15 /* Block device required */需要块设备
- #define EBUSY 16 /* Device or resource busy */设备或资源忙
- #define EEXIST 17 /* File exists */文件已存在
- #define EXDEV 18 /* Cross-device link */跨设备链路
- #define ENODEV 19 /* No such device */设备不存在
- #define ENOTDIR 20 /* Not a directory */路径不存在
- #define EISDIR 21 /* Is a directory */是路径
- #define EINVAL 22 /* Invalid argument */无效参数
- #define ENFILE 23 /* File table overflow */文件表溢出
- #define EMFILE 24 /* Too many open files */打开的文件过多
- #define ENOTTY 25 /* Not a typewriter */非打字机
- #define ETXTBSY 26 /* Text file busy */文本文件忙
- #define EFBIG 27 /* File too large */文件太大
- #define ENOSPC 28 /* No space left on device */设备无空间
- #define ESPIPE 29 /* Illegal seek */非法查询
- #define EROFS 30 /* Read-only file system */只读文件系统
- #define EMLINK 31 /* Too many links */链接太多
- #define EPIPE 32 /* Broken pipe */管道破裂
- #define EDOM 33 /* Math argument out of domain of func */参数超出函数域
- #define ERANGE 34 /* Math result not representable */结果无法表示
- #define EDEADLK 35 /* Resource deadlock would occur */资源将发生死锁
- #define ENAMETOOLONG 36 /* File name too long */文件名太长
- #define ENOLCK 37 /* No record locks available */没有可用的记录锁
- #define ENOSYS 38 /* Function not implemented */函数未实现
- #define ENOTEMPTY 39 /* Directory not empty */目录非空
- #define ELOOP 40 /* Too many symbolic links encountered */遇到太多符号链接
- #define EWOULDBLOCK EAGAIN /* Operation would block */操作会阻塞
- #define ENOMSG 42 /* No message of desired type */没有符合需求类型的消息
- #define EIDRM 43 /* Identifier removed */标识符已删除
- #define ECHRNG 44 /* Channel number out of range */通道编号超出范围
- #define EL2NSYNC 45 /* Level 2 not synchronized */level2不同步
- #define EL3HLT 46 /* Level 3 halted */3级停止
- #define EL3RST 47 /* Level 3 reset */3级重置
- #define ELNRNG 48 /* Link number out of range */链接编号超出范围
- #define EUNATCH 49 /* Protocol driver not attached */协议驱动程序没有连接
- #define ENOCSI 50 /* No CSI structure available */没有可用的CSI结构
- #define EL2HLT 51 /* Level 2 halted */2级停止
- #define EBADE 52 /* Invalid exchange */无效交换
- #define EBADR 53 /* Invalid request descriptor */无效请求描述
- #define EXFULL 54 /* Exchange full */交换完全
- #define ENOANO 55 /* No anode */无阳极
- #define EBADRQC 56 /* Invalid request code */无效请求码
- #define EBADSLT 57 /* Invalid slot */无效插槽
- #define EDEADLOCK EDEADLK
- #define EBFONT 59 /* Bad font file format */错误的字体文件格式
- #define ENOSTR 60 /* Device not a stream */设备不是流
- #define ENODATA 61 /* No data available */无数据
- #define ETIME 62 /* Timer expired */计时器到期
- #define ENOSR 63 /* Out of streams resources */流资源不足
- #define ENONET 64 /* Machine is not on the network */机器不在网络上
- #define ENOPKG 65 /* Package not installed */包未安装
- #define EREMOTE 66 /* Object is remote */对象是远程
- #define ENOLINK 67 /* Link has been severed */链接正在服务中
- #define EADV 68 /* Advertise error */广告错误
- #define ESRMNT 69 /* Srmount error */?
- #define ECOMM 70 /* Communication error on send */发送过程中通讯错误
- #define EPROTO 71 /* Protocol error */协议错误
- #define EMULTIHOP 72 /* Multihop attempted */多跳尝试
- #define EDOTDOT 73 /* RFS specific error */RFS特定错误
- #define EBADMSG 74 /* Not a data message */不是数据类型消息
- #define EOVERFLOW 75 /* Value too large for defined data type */对指定的数据类型来说值太大
- #define ENOTUNIQ 76 /* Name not unique on network */网络上名字不唯一
- #define EBADFD 77 /* File descriptor in bad state */文件描述符状态错误
- #define EREMCHG 78 /* Remote address changed */远程地址改变
- #define ELIBACC 79 /* Can not access a needed shared library */无法访问需要的共享库
- #define ELIBBAD 80 /* Accessing a corrupted shared library */访问损坏的共享库
- #define ELIBSCN 81 /* .lib section in a.out corrupted */库部分在a.out损坏
- #define ELIBMAX 82 /* Attempting to link in too many shared libraries */试图链接太多的共享库
- #define ELIBEXEC 83 /* Cannot exec a shared library directly */不能直接运行共享库
- #define EILSEQ 84 /* Illegal byte sequence */非法字节序
- #define ERESTART 85 /* Interrupted system call should be restarted */应重新启动被中断的系统调用
- #define ESTRPIPE 86 /* Streams pipe error */流管错误
- #define EUSERS 87 /* Too many users */用户太多
- #define ENOTSOCK 88 /* Socket operation on non-socket */在非套接字上进行套接字操作
- #define EDESTADDRREQ 89 /* Destination address required */需要目的地址
- #define EMSGSIZE 90 /* Message too long */消息太长
- #define EPROTOTYPE 91 /* Protocol wrong type for socket */错误协议类型
- #define ENOPROTOOPT 92 /* Protocol not available */协议不可用
- #define EPROTONOSUPPORT 93 /* Protocol not supported */不支持协议
- #define ESOCKTNOSUPPORT 94 /* Socket type not supported */不支持套接字类型
- #define EOPNOTSUPP 95 /* Operation not supported on transport endpoint */操作上不支持传输端点
- #define EPFNOSUPPORT 96 /* Protocol family not supported */不支持协议族
- #define EAFNOSUPPORT 97 /* Address family not supported by protocol */协议不支持地址群
- #define EADDRINUSE 98 /* Address already in use */地址已被使用
- #define EADDRNOTAVAIL 99 /* Cannot assign requested address */无法分配请求的地址
- #define ENETDOWN 100 /* Network is down */网络已关闭
- #define ENETUNREACH 101 /* Network is unreachable */网络不可达
- #define ENETRESET 102 /* Network dropped connection because of reset */网络由于复位断开连接
- #define ECONNABORTED 103 /* Software caused connection abort */软件导致连接终止
- #define ECONNRESET 104 /* Connection reset by peer */连接被对方复位
- #define ENOBUFS 105 /* No buffer space available */没有可用的缓存空间
- #define EISCONN 106 /* Transport endpoint is already connected */传输端点已连接
- #define ENOTCONN 107 /* Transport endpoint is not connected */传输端点未连接
- #define ESHUTDOWN 108 /* Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown */传输端点关闭后不能在发送
- #define ETOOMANYREFS 109 /* Too many references: cannot splice */太多的引用:无法接合
- #define ETIMEDOUT 110 /* Connection timed out */连接超时
- #define ECONNREFUSED 111 /* Connection refused */连接被拒绝
- #define EHOSTDOWN 112 /* Host is down */主机已关闭
- #define EHOSTUNREACH 113 /* No route to host */无法路由到主机
- #define EALREADY 114 /* Operation already in progress */操作已在进程中
- #define EINPROGRESS 115 /* Operation now in progress */进程中正在进行的操作
- #define ESTALE 116 /* Stale NFS file handle */
- #define EUCLEAN 117 /* Structure needs cleaning */
- #define ENOTNAM 118 /* Not a XENIX named type file */
- #define ENAVAIL 119 /* No XENIX semaphores available */
- #define EISNAM 120 /* Is a named type file */
- #define EREMOTEIO 121 /* Remote I/O error */
- #define EDQUOT 122 /* Quota exceeded */
- #define ENOMEDIUM 123 /* No medium found */
- #define EMEDIUMTYPE 124 /* Wrong medium type */
/usr/include/asm/errno.h
#define EPERM 1 /* Operation not permitted */操作不允许
#define ENOENT 2 /* No such file or directory */文件/路径不存在
#define ESRCH 3 /* No such process */进程不存在
#define EINTR 4 /* Interrupted system call */中断的系统调用
#define EIO 5 /* I/O error */I/O错误
#define ENXIO 6 /* No such device or address */设备/地址不存在
#define E2BIG 7 /* Arg list too long */参数列表过长
#define ENOEXEC 8 /* Exec format error */执行格式错误
#define EBADF 9 /* Bad file number */错误文件编号
#define ECHILD 10 /* No child processes */子进程不存在
#define EAGAIN 11 /* Try again */重试
#define ENOMEM 12 /* Out of memory */内存不足
#define EACCES 13 /* Permission denied */无权限
#define EFAULT 14 /* Bad address */地址错误
#define ENOTBLK 15 /* Block device required */需要块设备
#define EBUSY 16 /* Device or resource busy */设备或资源忙
#define EEXIST 17 /* File exists */文件已存在
#define EXDEV 18 /* Cross-device link */跨设备链路
#define ENODEV 19 /* No such device */设备不存在
#define ENOTDIR 20 /* Not a directory */路径不存在
#define EISDIR 21 /* Is a directory */是路径
#define EINVAL 22 /* Invalid argument */无效参数
#define ENFILE 23 /* File table overflow */文件表溢出
#define EMFILE 24 /* Too many open files */打开的文件过多
#define ENOTTY 25 /* Not a typewriter */非打字机
#define ETXTBSY 26 /* Text file busy */文本文件忙
#define EFBIG 27 /* File too large */文件太大
#define ENOSPC 28 /* No space left on device */设备无空间
#define ESPIPE 29 /* Illegal seek */非法查询
#define EROFS 30 /* Read-only file system */只读文件系统
#define EMLINK 31 /* Too many links */链接太多
#define EPIPE 32 /* Broken pipe */管道破裂
#define EDOM 33 /* Math argument out of domain of func */参数超出函数域
#define ERANGE 34 /* Math result not representable */结果无法表示
#define EDEADLK 35 /* Resource deadlock would occur */资源将发生死锁
#define ENAMETOOLONG 36 /* File name too long */文件名太长
#define ENOLCK 37 /* No record locks available */没有可用的记录锁
#define ENOSYS 38 /* Function not implemented */函数未实现
#define ENOTEMPTY 39 /* Directory not empty */目录非空
#define ELOOP 40 /* Too many symbolic links encountered */遇到太多符号链接
#define EWOULDBLOCK EAGAIN /* Operation would block */操作会阻塞
#define ENOMSG 42 /* No message of desired type */没有符合需求类型的消息
#define EIDRM 43 /* Identifier removed */标识符已删除
#define ECHRNG 44 /* Channel number out of range */通道编号超出范围
#define EL2NSYNC 45 /* Level 2 not synchronized */level2不同步
#define EL3HLT 46 /* Level 3 halted */3级停止
#define EL3RST 47 /* Level 3 reset */3级重置
#define ELNRNG 48 /* Link number out of range */链接编号超出范围
#define EUNATCH 49 /* Protocol driver not attached */协议驱动程序没有连接
#define ENOCSI 50 /* No CSI structure available */没有可用的CSI结构
#define EL2HLT 51 /* Level 2 halted */2级停止
#define EBADE 52 /* Invalid exchange */无效交换
#define EBADR 53 /* Invalid request descriptor */无效请求描述
#define EXFULL 54 /* Exchange full */交换完全
#define ENOANO 55 /* No anode */无阳极
#define EBADRQC 56 /* Invalid request code */无效请求码
#define EBADSLT 57 /* Invalid slot */无效插槽
#define EDEADLOCK EDEADLK
#define EBFONT 59 /* Bad font file format */错误的字体文件格式
#define ENOSTR 60 /* Device not a stream */设备不是流
#define ENODATA 61 /* No data available */无数据
#define ETIME 62 /* Timer expired */计时器到期
#define ENOSR 63 /* Out of streams resources */流资源不足
#define ENONET 64 /* Machine is not on the network */机器不在网络上
#define ENOPKG 65 /* Package not installed */包未安装
#define EREMOTE 66 /* Object is remote */对象是远程
#define ENOLINK 67 /* Link has been severed */链接正在服务中
#define EADV 68 /* Advertise error */广告错误
#define ESRMNT 69 /* Srmount error */?
#define ECOMM 70 /* Communication error on send */发送过程中通讯错误
#define EPROTO 71 /* Protocol error */协议错误
#define EMULTIHOP 72 /* Multihop attempted */多跳尝试
#define EDOTDOT 73 /* RFS specific error */RFS特定错误
#define EBADMSG 74 /* Not a data message */不是数据类型消息
#define EOVERFLOW 75 /* Value too large for defined data type */对指定的数据类型来说值太大
#define ENOTUNIQ 76 /* Name not unique on network */网络上名字不唯一
#define EBADFD 77 /* File descriptor in bad state */文件描述符状态错误
#define EREMCHG 78 /* Remote address changed */远程地址改变
#define ELIBACC 79 /* Can not access a needed shared library */无法访问需要的共享库
#define ELIBBAD 80 /* Accessing a corrupted shared library */访问损坏的共享库
#define ELIBSCN 81 /* .lib section in a.out corrupted */库部分在a.out损坏
#define ELIBMAX 82 /* Attempting to link in too many shared libraries */试图链接太多的共享库
#define ELIBEXEC 83 /* Cannot exec a shared library directly */不能直接运行共享库
#define EILSEQ 84 /* Illegal byte sequence */非法字节序
#define ERESTART 85 /* Interrupted system call should be restarted */应重新启动被中断的系统调用
#define ESTRPIPE 86 /* Streams pipe error */流管错误
#define EUSERS 87 /* Too many users */用户太多
#define ENOTSOCK 88 /* Socket operation on non-socket */在非套接字上进行套接字操作
#define EDESTADDRREQ 89 /* Destination address required */需要目的地址
#define EMSGSIZE 90 /* Message too long */消息太长
#define EPROTOTYPE 91 /* Protocol wrong type for socket */错误协议类型
#define ENOPROTOOPT 92 /* Protocol not available */协议不可用
#define EPROTONOSUPPORT 93 /* Protocol not supported */不支持协议
#define ESOCKTNOSUPPORT 94 /* Socket type not supported */不支持套接字类型
#define EOPNOTSUPP 95 /* Operation not supported on transport endpoint */操作上不支持传输端点
#define EPFNOSUPPORT 96 /* Protocol family not supported */不支持协议族
#define EAFNOSUPPORT 97 /* Address family not supported by protocol */协议不支持地址群
#define EADDRINUSE 98 /* Address already in use */地址已被使用
#define EADDRNOTAVAIL 99 /* Cannot assign requested address */无法分配请求的地址
#define ENETDOWN 100 /* Network is down */网络已关闭
#define ENETUNREACH 101 /* Network is unreachable */网络不可达
#define ENETRESET 102 /* Network dropped connection because of reset */网络由于复位断开连接
#define ECONNABORTED 103 /* Software caused connection abort */软件导致连接终止
#define ECONNRESET 104 /* Connection reset by peer */连接被对方复位
#define ENOBUFS 105 /* No buffer space available */没有可用的缓存空间
#define EISCONN 106 /* Transport endpoint is already connected */传输端点已连接
#define ENOTCONN 107 /* Transport endpoint is not connected */传输端点未连接
#define ESHUTDOWN 108 /* Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown */传输端点关闭后不能在发送
#define ETOOMANYREFS 109 /* Too many references: cannot splice */太多的引用:无法接合
#define ETIMEDOUT 110 /* Connection timed out */连接超时
#define ECONNREFUSED 111 /* Connection refused */连接被拒绝
#define EHOSTDOWN 112 /* Host is down */主机已关闭
#define EHOSTUNREACH 113 /* No route to host */无法路由到主机
#define EALREADY 114 /* Operation already in progress */操作已在进程中
#define EINPROGRESS 115 /* Operation now in progress */进程中正在进行的操作
#define ESTALE 116 /* Stale NFS file handle */
#define EUCLEAN 117 /* Structure needs cleaning */
#define ENOTNAM 118 /* Not a XENIX named type file */
#define ENAVAIL 119 /* No XENIX semaphores available */
#define EISNAM 120 /* Is a named type file */
#define EREMOTEIO 121 /* Remote I/O error */
#define EDQUOT 122 /* Quota exceeded */
#define ENOMEDIUM 123 /* No medium found */
#define EMEDIUMTYPE 124 /* Wrong medium type */
以上补充部分转自:http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/poechant/article/details/7627894#,在此表示感谢!