java多线程--深入理解threadlocal以及适用场景

如何使用：

      简介：

JDK 1.2的版本中就提供java.lang.ThreadLocal，ThreadLocal为解决多线程程序的并发问题提供了一种新的思路。使用这个工具类可以很简洁地编写出优美的多线程程序，ThreadLocal并不是一个Thread，而是Thread的 局部变量。ThreadLocal很容易让人望文生义，想当然地认为是一个“本地线程”。其实，ThreadLocal并不是一个Thread，而是Thread的局部变量，也许把它命名为ThreadLocalVariable更容易让人理解一些。

     例子：

public class TestNum {  
    // ①通过匿名内部类覆盖ThreadLocal的initialValue()方法，指定初始值  
    private static ThreadLocal<Integer> seqNum = new ThreadLocal<Integer>() {  
        public Integer initialValue() {  
            return 0;  
        }  
    };  
  
    // ②获取下一个序列值  
    public int getNextNum() {  
        seqNum.set(seqNum.get() + 1);  
        return seqNum.get();  
    }  
  
    public static void main(String[] args) {  
        TestNum sn = new TestNum();  
        // ③ 3个线程共享sn，各自产生序列号  
        TestClient t1 = new TestClient(sn);  
        TestClient t2 = new TestClient(sn);  
        TestClient t3 = new TestClient(sn);  
        t1.start();  
        t2.start();  
        t3.start();  
    }  
  
    private static class TestClient extends Thread {  
        private TestNum sn;  
  
        public TestClient(TestNum sn) {  
            this.sn = sn;  
        }  
  
        public void run() {  
            for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {  
                // ④每个线程打出3个序列值  
                System.out.println("thread[" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "] --> sn["  
                         + sn.getNextNum() + "]");  
            }  
        }  
    }  
}  

通常我们通过匿名内部类的方式定义ThreadLocal的子类，提供初始的变量值，如例子中①处所示。TestClient线程产生一组序列号，在③处，我们生成3个TestClient，它们共享同一个TestNum实例。运行以上代码，在控制台上输出以下的结果：

thread[Thread-0] --> sn[1]
thread[Thread-1] --> sn[1]
thread[Thread-2] --> sn[1]
thread[Thread-1] --> sn[2]
thread[Thread-0] --> sn[2]
thread[Thread-1] --> sn[3]
thread[Thread-2] --> sn[2]
thread[Thread-0] --> sn[3]
thread[Thread-2] --> sn[3]

考察输出的结果信息，我们发现每个线程所产生的序号虽然都共享同一个TestNum实例，但它们并没有发生相互干扰的情况，而是各自产生独立的序列号，这是因为我们通过ThreadLocal为每一个线程提供了单独的副本。

实现原理：

附源码（省去了内部类ThreadLocalMap的方法和成员）

/**
 * This class provides thread-local variables.  These variables differ from
 * their normal counterparts in that each thread that accesses one (via its
 * {@code get} or {@code set} method) has its own, independently initialized
 * copy of the variable.  {@code ThreadLocal} instances are typically private
 * static fields in classes that wish to associate state with a thread (e.g.,
 * a user ID or Transaction ID).
 *
 * <p>For example, the class below generates unique identifiers local to each
 * thread.
 * A thread's id is assigned the first time it invokes {@code ThreadId.get()}
 * and remains unchanged on subsequent calls.
 * <pre>
 * import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 *
 * public class ThreadId {
 *     // Atomic integer containing the next thread ID to be assigned
 *     private static final AtomicInteger nextId = new AtomicInteger(0);
 *
 *     // Thread local variable containing each thread's ID
 *     private static final ThreadLocal<Integer> threadId =
 *         new ThreadLocal<Integer>() {
 *             @Override protected Integer initialValue() {
 *                 return nextId.getAndIncrement();
 *         }
 *     };
 *
 *     // Returns the current thread's unique ID, assigning it if necessary
 *     public static int get() {
 *         return threadId.get();
 *     }
 * }
 * </pre>
 * <p>Each thread holds an implicit reference to its copy of a thread-local
 * variable as long as the thread is alive and the {@code ThreadLocal}
 * instance is accessible; after a thread goes away, all of its copies of
 * thread-local instances are subject to garbage collection (unless other
 * references to these copies exist).
 *
 * @author  Josh Bloch and Doug Lea
 * @since   1.2
 */
public class ThreadLocal<T> {
    /**
     * ThreadLocals rely on per-thread linear-probe hash maps attached
     * to each thread (Thread.threadLocals and
     * inheritableThreadLocals).  The ThreadLocal objects act as keys,
     * searched via threadLocalHashCode.  This is a custom hash code
     * (useful only within ThreadLocalMaps) that eliminates collisions
     * in the common case where consecutively constructed ThreadLocals
     * are used by the same threads, while remaining well-behaved in
     * less common cases.
     */
    private final int threadLocalHashCode = nextHashCode();

    /**
     * The next hash code to be given out. Updated atomically. Starts at
     * zero.
     */
    private static AtomicInteger nextHashCode =
        new AtomicInteger();

    /**
     * The difference between successively generated hash codes - turns
     * implicit sequential thread-local IDs into near-optimally spread
     * multiplicative hash values for power-of-two-sized tables.
     */
    private static final int HASH_INCREMENT = 0x61c88647;

    /**
     * Returns the next hash code.
     */
    private static int nextHashCode() {
        return nextHashCode.getAndAdd(HASH_INCREMENT);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the current thread's "initial value" for this
     * thread-local variable.  This method will be invoked the first
     * time a thread accesses the variable with the {@link #get}
     * method, unless the thread previously invoked the {@link #set}
     * method, in which case the {@code initialValue} method will not
     * be invoked for the thread.  Normally, this method is invoked at
     * most once per thread, but it may be invoked again in case of
     * subsequent invocations of {@link #remove} followed by {@link #get}.
     *
     * <p>This implementation simply returns {@code null}; if the
     * programmer desires thread-local variables to have an initial
     * value other than {@code null}, {@code ThreadLocal} must be
     * subclassed, and this method overridden.  Typically, an
     * anonymous inner class will be used.
     *
     * @return the initial value for this thread-local
     */
    protected T initialValue() {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread local variable. The initial value of the variable is
     * determined by invoking the {@code get} method on the {@code Supplier}.
     *
     * @param <S> the type of the thread local's value
     * @param supplier the supplier to be used to determine the initial value
     * @return a new thread local variable
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified supplier is null
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static <S> ThreadLocal<S> withInitial(Supplier<? extends S> supplier) {
        return new SuppliedThreadLocal<>(supplier);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a thread local variable.
     * @see #withInitial(java.util.function.Supplier)
     */
    public ThreadLocal() {
    }

    /**
     * Returns the value in the current thread's copy of this
     * thread-local variable.  If the variable has no value for the
     * current thread, it is first initialized to the value returned
     * by an invocation of the {@link #initialValue} method.
     *
     * @return the current thread's value of this thread-local
     */
    public T get() {
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null) {
            ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
            if (e != null) {
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                T result = (T)e.value;
                return result;
            }
        }
        return setInitialValue();
    }

    /**
     * Variant of set() to establish initialValue. Used instead
     * of set() in case user has overridden the set() method.
     *
     * @return the initial value
     */
    private T setInitialValue() {
        T value = initialValue();
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null)
            map.set(this, value);
        else
            createMap(t, value);
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the current thread's copy of this thread-local variable
     * to the specified value.  Most subclasses will have no need to
     * override this method, relying solely on the {@link #initialValue}
     * method to set the values of thread-locals.
     *
     * @param value the value to be stored in the current thread's copy of
     *        this thread-local.
     */
    public void set(T value) {
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null)
            map.set(this, value);
        else
            createMap(t, value);
    }

    /**
     * Removes the current thread's value for this thread-local
     * variable.  If this thread-local variable is subsequently
     * {@linkplain #get read} by the current thread, its value will be
     * reinitialized by invoking its {@link #initialValue} method,
     * unless its value is {@linkplain #set set} by the current thread
     * in the interim.  This may result in multiple invocations of the
     * {@code initialValue} method in the current thread.
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
     public void remove() {
         ThreadLocalMap m = getMap(Thread.currentThread());
         if (m != null)
             m.remove(this);
     }

    /**
     * Get the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
     * InheritableThreadLocal.
     *
     * @param  t the current thread
     * @return the map
     */
    ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
        return t.threadLocals;
    }

    /**
     * Create the map associated with a ThreadLocal. Overridden in
     * InheritableThreadLocal.
     *
     * @param t the current thread
     * @param firstValue value for the initial entry of the map
     */
    void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
        t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
    }

    /**
     * Factory method to create map of inherited thread locals.
     * Designed to be called only from Thread constructor.
     *
     * @param  parentMap the map associated with parent thread
     * @return a map containing the parent's inheritable bindings
     */
    static ThreadLocalMap createInheritedMap(ThreadLocalMap parentMap) {
        return new ThreadLocalMap(parentMap);
    }

    /**
     * Method childValue is visibly defined in subclass
     * InheritableThreadLocal, but is internally defined here for the
     * sake of providing createInheritedMap factory method without
     * needing to subclass the map class in InheritableThreadLocal.
     * This technique is preferable to the alternative of embedding
     * instanceof tests in methods.
     */
    T childValue(T parentValue) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    /**
     * An extension of ThreadLocal that obtains its initial value from
     * the specified {@code Supplier}.
     */
    static final class SuppliedThreadLocal<T> extends ThreadLocal<T> {

        private final Supplier<? extends T> supplier;

        SuppliedThreadLocal(Supplier<? extends T> supplier) {
            this.supplier = Objects.requireNonNull(supplier);
        }

        @Override
        protected T initialValue() {
            return supplier.get();
        }
    }

    /**
     * ThreadLocalMap is a customized hash map suitable only for
     * maintaining thread local values. No operations are exported
     * outside of the ThreadLocal class. The class is package private to
     * allow declaration of fields in class Thread.  To help deal with
     * very large and long-lived usages, the hash table entries use
     * WeakReferences for keys. However, since reference queues are not
     * used, stale entries are guaranteed to be removed only when
     * the table starts running out of space.
     */
    static class ThreadLocalMap {

        
    }
}

对于get方法：

 public T get() {
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null) {
            ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
            if (e != null) {
                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                T result = (T)e.value;
                return result;
            }
        }
        return setInitialValue();
    }

在这个方法内部我们看到，首先通过getMap(Thread t)方法获取一个和当前线程相关的ThreadLocalMap，然后将变量的值设置到这个ThreadLocalMap对象中，当然如果获取到的ThreadLocalMap对象为空，就通过createMap方法创建。线程隔离的秘密，就在于ThreadLocalMap这个类。ThreadLocalMap是ThreadLocal类的一个静态内部类，它实现了键值对的设置和获取（对比Map对象来理解），每个线程中都有一个独立的ThreadLocalMap副本，它所存储的值，只能被当前线程读取和修改。ThreadLocal类通过操作每一个线程特有的ThreadLocalMap副本，从而实现了变量访问在不同线程中的隔离。因为每个线程的变量都是自己特有的，完全不会有并发错误。还有一点就是，ThreadLocalMap存储的键值对中的键是this对象指向的ThreadLocal对象，而值就是你所设置的对象了。

与线程同步的区别：

对于多线程资源共享的问题，同步机制采用了“以时间换空间”的方式：访问串行化，对象共享化。而ThreadLocal采用了“以空间换时间”的方式：访问并行化，对象独享化。前者仅提供一份变量，让不同的线程排队访问，而后者为每一个线程都提供了一份变量，因此可以同时访问而互不影响。

适用场景：

          数据库连接管理：

           同一事务多DAO共享同一Connection，必须在一个共同的外部类使用ThreadLocal保存Connection。

        

import java.sql.Connection;  
import java.sql.DriverManager;  
import java.sql.SQLException;  
  
public class ConnectionManager {  
  
    private static ThreadLocal<Connection> connectionHolder = new ThreadLocal<Connection>() {  
        @Override  
        protected Connection initialValue() {  
            Connection conn = null;  
            try {  
                conn = DriverManager.getConnection(  
                        "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test", "username",  
                        "password");  
            } catch (SQLException e) {  
                e.printStackTrace();  
            }  
            return conn;  
        }  
    };  
  
    public static Connection getConnection() {  
        return connectionHolder.get();  
    }  
  
    public static void setConnection(Connection conn) {  
        connectionHolder.set(conn);  
    }  
}  

这样就保证了一个线程对应一个数据库连接，保证了事务。因为事务是依赖一个连接来控制的，如commit,rollback,都是数据库连接的方法。