Formatting using TeX

Functions, symbols, special characters[edit]

Accents and diacritics[edit]
\dot{a}, \ddot{a}, \acute{a}, \grave{a}	{\displaystyle {\dot {a}},{\ddot {a}},{\acute {a}},{\grave {a}}}
\check{a}, \breve{a}, \tilde{a}, \bar{a}	{\displaystyle {\check {a}},{\breve {a}},{\tilde {a}},{\bar {a}}}
\hat{a}, \widehat{a}, \vec{a}	{\displaystyle {\hat {a}},{\widehat {a}},{\vec {a}}}
Standard numerical functions[edit]
\exp_a b = a^b, \exp b = e^b, 10^m	{\displaystyle \exp _{a}b=a^{b},\exp b=e^{b},10^{m}}
\ln c, \lg d = \log e, \log_{10} f	{\displaystyle \ln c,\lg d=\log e,\log _{10}f}
\sin a, \cos b, \tan c, \cot d, \sec e, \csc f	{\displaystyle \sin a,\cos b,\tan c,\cot d,\sec e,\csc f}
\arcsin h, \arccos i, \arctan j	{\displaystyle \arcsin h,\arccos i,\arctan j}
\sinh k, \cosh l, \tanh m, \coth n	{\displaystyle \sinh k,\cosh l,\tanh m,\coth n}
\operatorname{sh}k, \operatorname{ch}l, \operatorname{th}m, \operatorname{coth}n	{\displaystyle \operatorname {sh} k,\operatorname {ch} l,\operatorname {th} m,\operatorname {coth} n}
\operatorname{argsh}o, \operatorname{argch}p, \operatorname{argth}q	{\displaystyle \operatorname {argsh} o,\operatorname {argch} p,\operatorname {argth} q}
\sgn r, \left\vert s \right\vert	{\displaystyle \operatorname {sgn} r,\left\vert s\right\vert }
\min(x,y), \max(x,y)	{\displaystyle \min(x,y),\max(x,y)}
Bounds[edit]
\min x, \max y, \inf s, \sup t	{\displaystyle \min x,\max y,\inf s,\sup t}
\lim u, \liminf v, \limsup w	{\displaystyle \lim u,\liminf v,\limsup w}
\dim p, \deg q, \det m, \ker\phi	{\displaystyle \dim p,\deg q,\det m,\ker \phi }
Projections[edit]
\Pr j, \hom l, \lVert z \rVert, \arg z	{\displaystyle \Pr j,\hom l,\lVert z\rVert ,\arg z}
Differentials and derivatives[edit]
dt, \mathrm{d}t, \partial t, \nabla\psi	{\displaystyle dt,\mathrm {d} t,\partial t,\nabla \psi }
dy/dx, \mathrm{d}y/\mathrm{d}x, \frac{dy}{dx}, \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}, \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x_1\partial x_2}y	{\displaystyle dy/dx,\mathrm {d} y/\mathrm {d} x,{\frac {dy}{dx}},{\frac {\mathrm {d} y}{\mathrm {d} x}},{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x_{1}\partial x_{2}}}y}
\prime, \backprime, f^\prime, f', f'', f^{(3)}, \dot y, \ddot y	{\displaystyle \prime ,\backprime ,f^{\prime },f',f'',f^{(3)}\!,{\dot {y}},{\ddot {y}}}
Letter-like symbols or constants[edit]
\infty, \aleph, \complement, \backepsilon, \eth, \Finv, \hbar	{\displaystyle \infty ,\aleph ,\complement ,\backepsilon ,\eth ,\Finv ,\hbar }
\Im, \imath, \jmath, \Bbbk, \ell, \mho, \wp, \Re, \circledS, \S, \P, \AA	{\displaystyle \Im ,\imath ,\jmath ,\Bbbk ,\ell ,\mho ,\wp ,\Re ,\circledS ,\S ,\P ,\mathrm {\AA} }
Modular arithmetic[edit]
s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}	{\displaystyle s_{k}\equiv 0{\pmod {m}}}
a \bmod b	{\displaystyle a{\bmod {b}}}
\gcd(m, n), \operatorname{lcm}(m, n)	{\displaystyle \gcd(m,n),\operatorname {lcm} (m,n)}
\mid, \nmid, \shortmid, \nshortmid	{\displaystyle \mid ,\nmid ,\shortmid ,\nshortmid }
Radicals[edit]
\surd, \sqrt{2}, \sqrt[n]{2}, \sqrt[3]{\frac{x^3+y^3}{2}}	{\displaystyle \surd ,{\sqrt {2}},{\sqrt[{n}]{2}},{\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {x^{3}+y^{3}}{2}}}}
Operators[edit]
+, -, \pm, \mp, \dotplus	{\displaystyle +,-,\pm ,\mp ,\dotplus }
\times, \div, \divideontimes, /, \backslash	{\displaystyle \times ,\div ,\divideontimes ,/,\backslash }
\cdot, * \ast, \star, \circ, \bullet	{\displaystyle \cdot ,*\ast ,\star ,\circ ,\bullet }
\boxplus, \boxminus, \boxtimes, \boxdot	{\displaystyle \boxplus ,\boxminus ,\boxtimes ,\boxdot }
\oplus, \ominus, \otimes, \oslash, \odot	{\displaystyle \oplus ,\ominus ,\otimes ,\oslash ,\odot }
\circleddash, \circledcirc, \circledast	{\displaystyle \circleddash ,\circledcirc ,\circledast }
\bigoplus, \bigotimes, \bigodot	{\displaystyle \bigoplus ,\bigotimes ,\bigodot }
Sets[edit]
\{ \}, \O \empty \emptyset, \varnothing	{\displaystyle \{\},\emptyset \emptyset \emptyset ,\varnothing }
\in, \notin \not\in, \ni, \not\ni	{\displaystyle \in ,\notin \not \in ,\ni ,\not \ni }
\cap, \Cap, \sqcap, \bigcap	{\displaystyle \cap ,\Cap ,\sqcap ,\bigcap }
\cup, \Cup, \sqcup, \bigcup, \bigsqcup, \uplus, \biguplus	{\displaystyle \cup ,\Cup ,\sqcup ,\bigcup ,\bigsqcup ,\uplus ,\biguplus }
\setminus, \smallsetminus, \times	{\displaystyle \setminus ,\smallsetminus ,\times }
\subset, \Subset, \sqsubset	{\displaystyle \subset ,\Subset ,\sqsubset }
\supset, \Supset, \sqsupset	{\displaystyle \supset ,\Supset ,\sqsupset }
\subseteq, \nsubseteq, \subsetneq, \varsubsetneq, \sqsubseteq	{\displaystyle \subseteq ,\nsubseteq ,\subsetneq ,\varsubsetneq ,\sqsubseteq }
\supseteq, \nsupseteq, \supsetneq, \varsupsetneq, \sqsupseteq	{\displaystyle \supseteq ,\nsupseteq ,\supsetneq ,\varsupsetneq ,\sqsupseteq }
\subseteqq, \nsubseteqq, \subsetneqq, \varsubsetneqq	{\displaystyle \subseteqq ,\nsubseteqq ,\subsetneqq ,\varsubsetneqq }
\supseteqq, \nsupseteqq, \supsetneqq, \varsupsetneqq	{\displaystyle \supseteqq ,\nsupseteqq ,\supsetneqq ,\varsupsetneqq }
Relations[edit]
=, \ne, \neq, \equiv, \not\equiv	{\displaystyle =,\neq ,\neq ,\equiv ,\not \equiv }
\doteq, \doteqdot, \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}, :=	{\displaystyle \doteq ,\doteqdot ,{\overset {\underset {\mathrm {def} }{}}{=}},:=}
\sim, \nsim, \backsim, \thicksim, \simeq, \backsimeq, \eqsim, \cong, \ncong	{\displaystyle \sim ,\nsim ,\backsim ,\thicksim ,\simeq ,\backsimeq ,\eqsim ,\cong ,\ncong }
\approx, \thickapprox, \approxeq, \asymp, \propto, \varpropto	{\displaystyle \approx ,\thickapprox ,\approxeq ,\asymp ,\propto ,\varpropto }
<, \nless, \ll, \not\ll, \lll, \not\lll, \lessdot	{\displaystyle <,\nless ,\ll ,\not \ll ,\lll ,\not \lll ,\lessdot }
>, \ngtr, \gg, \not\gg, \ggg, \not\ggg, \gtrdot	{\displaystyle >,\ngtr ,\gg ,\not \gg ,\ggg ,\not \ggg ,\gtrdot }
\le, \leq, \lneq, \leqq, \nleq, \nleqq, \lneqq, \lvertneqq	{\displaystyle \leq ,\leq ,\lneq ,\leqq ,\nleq ,\nleqq ,\lneqq ,\lvertneqq }
\ge, \geq, \gneq, \geqq, \ngeq, \ngeqq, \gneqq, \gvertneqq	{\displaystyle \geq ,\geq ,\gneq ,\geqq ,\ngeq ,\ngeqq ,\gneqq ,\gvertneqq }
\lessgtr, \lesseqgtr, \lesseqqgtr, \gtrless, \gtreqless, \gtreqqless	{\displaystyle \lessgtr ,\lesseqgtr ,\lesseqqgtr ,\gtrless ,\gtreqless ,\gtreqqless }
\leqslant, \nleqslant, \eqslantless	{\displaystyle \leqslant ,\nleqslant ,\eqslantless }
\geqslant, \ngeqslant, \eqslantgtr	{\displaystyle \geqslant ,\ngeqslant ,\eqslantgtr }
\lesssim, \lnsim, \lessapprox, \lnapprox	{\displaystyle \lesssim ,\lnsim ,\lessapprox ,\lnapprox }
\gtrsim, \gnsim, \gtrapprox, \gnapprox	{\displaystyle \gtrsim ,\gnsim ,\gtrapprox ,\gnapprox }
\prec, \nprec, \preceq, \npreceq, \precneqq	{\displaystyle \prec ,\nprec ,\preceq ,\npreceq ,\precneqq }
\succ, \nsucc, \succeq, \nsucceq, \succneqq	{\displaystyle \succ ,\nsucc ,\succeq ,\nsucceq ,\succneqq }
\preccurlyeq, \curlyeqprec	{\displaystyle \preccurlyeq ,\curlyeqprec }
\succcurlyeq, \curlyeqsucc	{\displaystyle \succcurlyeq ,\curlyeqsucc }
\precsim, \precnsim, \precapprox, \precnapprox	{\displaystyle \precsim ,\precnsim ,\precapprox ,\precnapprox }
\succsim, \succnsim, \succapprox, \succnapprox	{\displaystyle \succsim ,\succnsim ,\succapprox ,\succnapprox }
Geometric[edit]
\parallel, \nparallel, \shortparallel, \nshortparallel	{\displaystyle \parallel ,\nparallel ,\shortparallel ,\nshortparallel }
\perp, \angle, \sphericalangle, \measuredangle, 45^\circ	{\displaystyle \perp ,\angle ,\sphericalangle ,\measuredangle ,45^{\circ }}
\Box, \square, \blacksquare, \diamond, \Diamond, \lozenge, \blacklozenge, \bigstar	{\displaystyle \Box ,\square ,\blacksquare ,\diamond ,\Diamond ,\lozenge ,\blacklozenge ,\bigstar }
\bigcirc, \triangle, \bigtriangleup, \bigtriangledown	{\displaystyle \bigcirc ,\triangle ,\bigtriangleup ,\bigtriangledown }
\vartriangle, \triangledown	{\displaystyle \vartriangle ,\triangledown }
\blacktriangle, \blacktriangledown, \blacktriangleleft, \blacktriangleright	{\displaystyle \blacktriangle ,\blacktriangledown ,\blacktriangleleft ,\blacktriangleright }
Logic[edit]
\forall, \exists, \nexists	{\displaystyle \forall ,\exists ,\nexists }
\therefore, \because, \And	{\displaystyle \therefore ,\because ,\And }
\lor \vee, \curlyvee, \bigvee don't use \or which is now deprecated	{\displaystyle \lor ,\vee ,\curlyvee ,\bigvee }
\land \wedge, \curlywedge, \bigwedge don't use \and which is now deprecated	{\displaystyle \land ,\wedge ,\curlywedge ,\bigwedge }
\bar{q}, \bar{abc}, \overline{q}, \overline{abc}, \lnot \neg, \not\operatorname{R}, \bot, \top	{\displaystyle {\bar {q}},{\bar {abc}},{\overline {q}},{\overline {abc}},}  {\displaystyle \lnot \neg ,\not \operatorname {R} ,\bot ,\top }
\vdash \dashv, \vDash, \Vdash, \models	{\displaystyle \vdash ,\dashv ,\vDash ,\Vdash ,\models }
\Vvdash \nvdash \nVdash \nvDash \nVDash	{\displaystyle \Vvdash ,\nvdash ,\nVdash ,\nvDash ,\nVDash }
\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner	{\displaystyle \ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner }
Arrows[edit]
\Rrightarrow, \Lleftarrow	{\displaystyle \Rrightarrow ,\Lleftarrow }
\Rightarrow, \nRightarrow, \Longrightarrow, \implies	{\displaystyle \Rightarrow ,\nRightarrow ,\Longrightarrow ,\implies }
\Leftarrow, \nLeftarrow, \Longleftarrow	{\displaystyle \Leftarrow ,\nLeftarrow ,\Longleftarrow }
\Leftrightarrow, \nLeftrightarrow, \Longleftrightarrow, \iff	{\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow ,\nLeftrightarrow ,\Longleftrightarrow ,\iff }
\Uparrow, \Downarrow, \Updownarrow	{\displaystyle \Uparrow ,\Downarrow ,\Updownarrow }
\rightarrow \to, \nrightarrow, \longrightarrow	{\displaystyle \rightarrow \to ,\nrightarrow ,\longrightarrow }
\leftarrow \gets, \nleftarrow, \longleftarrow	{\displaystyle \leftarrow \gets ,\nleftarrow ,\longleftarrow }
\leftrightarrow, \nleftrightarrow, \longleftrightarrow	{\displaystyle \leftrightarrow ,\nleftrightarrow ,\longleftrightarrow }
\uparrow, \downarrow, \updownarrow	{\displaystyle \uparrow ,\downarrow ,\updownarrow }
\nearrow, \swarrow, \nwarrow, \searrow	{\displaystyle \nearrow ,\swarrow ,\nwarrow ,\searrow }
\mapsto, \longmapsto	{\displaystyle \mapsto ,\longmapsto }
\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons	{\displaystyle \rightharpoonup ,\rightharpoondown ,\leftharpoonup ,\leftharpoondown ,\upharpoonleft ,\upharpoonright ,\downharpoonleft ,\downharpoonright ,\rightleftharpoons ,\leftrightharpoons }
\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \rightarrowtail \looparrowright	{\displaystyle \curvearrowleft ,\circlearrowleft ,\Lsh ,\upuparrows ,\rightrightarrows ,\rightleftarrows ,\rightarrowtail ,\looparrowright }
\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft	{\displaystyle \curvearrowright ,\circlearrowright ,\Rsh ,\downdownarrows ,\leftleftarrows ,\leftrightarrows ,\leftarrowtail ,\looparrowleft }
\hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \twoheadrightarrow \twoheadleftarrow	{\displaystyle \hookrightarrow ,\hookleftarrow ,\multimap ,\leftrightsquigarrow ,\rightsquigarrow ,\twoheadrightarrow ,\twoheadleftarrow }
Special[edit]
\amalg \P \S \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots	{\displaystyle \amalg \P \S \%\dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots }
\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright	{\displaystyle \smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright }
\diamondsuit, \heartsuit, \clubsuit, \spadesuit, \Game, \flat, \natural, \sharp	{\displaystyle \diamondsuit ,\heartsuit ,\clubsuit ,\spadesuit ,\Game ,\flat ,\natural ,\sharp }
Unsorted (new stuff)[edit]
\diagup \diagdown \centerdot \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes \rightthreetimes	{\displaystyle \diagup ,\diagdown ,\centerdot ,\ltimes ,\rtimes ,\leftthreetimes ,\rightthreetimes }
\eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \bumpeq \Bumpeq \doteqdot \risingdotseq \fallingdotseq	{\displaystyle \eqcirc ,\circeq ,\triangleq ,\bumpeq ,\Bumpeq ,\doteqdot ,\risingdotseq ,\fallingdotseq }
\intercal \barwedge \veebar \doublebarwedge \between \pitchfork	{\displaystyle \intercal ,\barwedge ,\veebar ,\doublebarwedge ,\between ,\pitchfork }
\vartriangleleft \ntriangleleft \vartriangleright \ntriangleright	{\displaystyle \vartriangleleft ,\ntriangleleft ,\vartriangleright ,\ntriangleright }
\trianglelefteq \ntrianglelefteq \trianglerighteq \ntrianglerighteq	{\displaystyle \trianglelefteq ,\ntrianglelefteq ,\trianglerighteq ,\ntrianglerighteq }

For a little more semantics on these symbols, see the brief TeX Cookbook.

Larger expressions[edit]

Subscripts, superscripts, integrals[edit]

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Superscript	a^2, a^{x+3}	{\displaystyle a^{2},a^{x+3}}
Subscript	a_2	{\displaystyle a_{2}}
Grouping	10^{30} a^{2+2}	{\displaystyle 10^{30}a^{2+2}}
	a_{i,j} b_{f'}	{\displaystyle a_{i,j}b_{f'}}
Combining sub & super without and with horizontal separation	x_2^3	{\displaystyle x_{2}^{3}}
	{x_2}^3	{\displaystyle {x_{2}}^{3}}
Super super	10^{10^{8}}	{\displaystyle 10^{10^{8}}}
Preceding and/or additional sub & super	\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b	{\displaystyle \sideset {_{1}^{2}}{_{3}^{4}}\prod _{a}^{b}}
	{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4	{\displaystyle {}_{1}^{2}\!\Omega _{3}^{4}}
Stacking	\overset{\alpha}{\omega}	{\displaystyle {\overset {\alpha }{\omega }}}
	\underset{\alpha}{\omega}	{\displaystyle {\underset {\alpha }{\omega }}}
	\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}	{\displaystyle {\overset {\alpha }{\underset {\gamma }{\omega }}}}
	\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}	{\displaystyle {\stackrel {\alpha }{\omega }}}
Derivatives	x', y'', f', f''	{\displaystyle x',y'',f',f''}
	x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}	{\displaystyle x^{\prime },y^{\prime \prime }}
Derivative dots	\dot{x}, \ddot{x}	{\displaystyle {\dot {x}},{\ddot {x}}}
Underlines, overlines, vectors	\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c	{\displaystyle {\hat {a}}\ {\bar {b}}\ {\vec {c}}}
	\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}	{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {ab}}\ {\overleftarrow {cd}}\ {\widehat {def}}}
	\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}	{\displaystyle {\overline {ghi}}\ {\underline {jkl}}}
Arc (workaround)	\overset{\frown} {AB}	{\displaystyle {\overset {\frown }{AB}}}
Arrows	A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C<