【Java.JUnit】Spring Test, JUnit, Mockito, Hamcrest 集成 Web 测试

最新推荐文章于 2022-03-12 17:59:54 发布

王晓斌

最新推荐文章于 2022-03-12 17:59:54 发布

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本文介绍如何使用 Spring Test 框架对 Spring MVC 控制器进行单元测试，包括配置依赖、模拟请求、验证响应等内容，并提供针对不同类型的控制器方法的具体测试案例。

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关于Spring 3.2

1. Spring 3.2 及以上版本自动开启检测URL后缀,设置Response content-type功能, 如果不手动关闭这个功能,当url后缀与accept头不一致时, Response的content-type将会和request的accept不一致,导致报406

关闭URL后缀检测的方法如下

    <mvc:annotation-driven content-negotiation-manager="contentNegotiationManager" />
    <bean id="contentNegotiationManager" class="org.springframework.web.accept.ContentNegotiationManagerFactoryBean">
        <property name="favorPathExtension" value="false" />
        <property name="favorParameter" value="false" />
    </bean>

2. Spring-Test框架无法应用关闭Spring自动URL后缀检测的设置, 且StandaloneMockMvcBuilder将设置favorPathExtendsion属性的方法设置为protected

即 关闭自动匹配URL后缀, 忽略Accept头, 自动设置Reponse Content-Type为 URL后缀类型 的配置, 所以如果要使用Spring-Test测试返回类型为JSON的@ResponseBody API, 必须将请求URL后缀改为.json和accept头(application/json)相匹配

一个可行的方案是继承StandaloneMockMvcBuilder, 将其favorPathExtendsion改为false, 这样既可禁用自动匹配URL后缀功能

前言

实际上需要测试一个Spring的MVC controller,主要要做的就是模拟一个真实的Spring的上下文环境, 同时mock出访问这个MVC方法的request, 并通过断言去判断响应及方法内部个方法的调用情况的正确性

需要准备的Maven依赖

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.codehaus.jackson</groupId>
            <artifactId>jackson-core-asl</artifactId>
            <version>1.9.9</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.codehaus.jackson</groupId>
            <artifactId>jackson-mapper-asl</artifactId>
            <version>1.9.9</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>

        <!-- spring -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
            <version>3.2.4.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>

        <!-- servlet -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
            <artifactId>servlet-api</artifactId>
            <version>3.0.1</version>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
            <artifactId>jstl</artifactId>
            <version>1.2</version>
        </dependency>

        <!-- logger -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
            <version>1.7.5</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>jcl-over-slf4j</artifactId>
            <version>1.7.5</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>ch.qos.logback</groupId>
            <artifactId>logback-classic</artifactId>
            <version>1.0.13</version>
        </dependency>

        <!-- test -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>
            <version>3.2.4.RELEASE</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
            <artifactId>mockito-core</artifactId>
            <version>1.9.5</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
            <exclusions>
                <exclusion>
                    <artifactId>hamcrest-core</artifactId>
                    <groupId>org.hamcrest</groupId>
                </exclusion>
            </exclusions>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>junit</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
            <version>4.11</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
            <exclusions>
                <exclusion>
                    <artifactId>hamcrest-core</artifactId>
                    <groupId>org.hamcrest</groupId>
                </exclusion>
            </exclusions>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.hamcrest</groupId>
            <artifactId>hamcrest-all</artifactId>
            <version>1.3</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>

        <!-- validation -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.validation</groupId>
            <artifactId>validation-api</artifactId>
            <version>1.1.0.Final</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
            <artifactId>hibernate-validator</artifactId>
            <version>5.0.1.Final</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

对转发到页面的Controller方法进行测试

Controller

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/category")
public class CategoryController extends AbstractController {

    @Resource
    CategoryService categoryService;

    /**
     * 课程类目管理页面
     * 
     * @return
     */
    @RequestMapping("/manage.htm")
    public ModelAndView categoryManage() {
        List<Category> categoryList = categoryService.fetchAllCategories();
        return new ModelAndView("category/categoryList").addObject(categoryList);
    }
}

测试类

@WebAppConfiguration
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration(locations = { "classpath:spring/access-control.xml", "classpath:spring/dao.xml",
        "classpath:spring/property.xml", "classpath:spring/service.xml" })
// "file:src/main/webapp/WEB-INF/spring-servlet.xml" })
public class CategoryControllerTest {

    private MockMvc mockMvc;


    @Mock
    private CategoryService mockCategoryService;

    @InjectMocks
    private CategoryController categoryController;

    // @Resource
    // private WebApplicationContext webApplicationContext;

    @Before
    public void before() throws Exception {
        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this); // 初始化mock对象
        Mockito.reset(mockCategoryService); // 重置mock对象
        /*
         * 如果要使用完全默认Spring Web Context, 例如不需要对Controller注入,则使用 WebApplicationContext mockMvc =
         * MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(webApplicationContext).build();
         */
        // mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(categoryController).build();
        mockMvc = QMockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(categoryController).build();
    }

    /**
     * 课程分类管理测试
     * 
     * @throws Exception
     */
    @Test
    public void testCategoryManage() throws Exception {
        // 构建测试数据
        Category c1 = new CategoryBuilder().id(1).name("cat1").build();
        Category c2 = new CategoryBuilder().id(2).name("cat2").build();

        // 定义方法行为
        when(mockCategoryService.fetchAllCategories()).thenReturn(ImmutableList.of(c1, c2));

        // 构造http请求及期待响应行为
        mockMvc.perform(get("/category/manage.htm"))
                .andDo(print()) // 输出请求和响应信息
                .andExpect(status().isOk())
                .andExpect(view().name("category/categoryList"))
                // .andExpect(forwardedUrl("/WEB-INF/jsp/category/categoryList.jsp"))
                .andExpect(model().attribute("categoryList", hasSize(2)))
                .andExpect(
                        model().attribute("categoryList",
                                hasItem(allOf(hasProperty("id", is(1)), hasProperty("name", is("cat1"))))))
                .andExpect(
                        model().attribute("categoryList",
                                hasItem(allOf(hasProperty("id", is(2)), hasProperty("name", is("cat2"))))));

        verify(mockCategoryService, times(1)).fetchAllCategories();
        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCategoryService);
    }
}

下面对各变量进行解释

@WebAppConfiguration: 表明该类会使用web应用程序的默认根目录来载入ApplicationContext, 默认的更目录是"src/main/webapp", 如果需要更改这个更目录可以修改该注释的value值

@RunWith: 使用 Spring-Test 框架

@ContextConfiguration(location = ): 指定需要加载的spring配置文件的地址

@Mock: 需要被Mock的对象

@InjectMocks: 需要将Mock对象注入的对象, 此处就是Controller

@Before: 在每次Test方法之前运行的方法

特别需要注意的是, MockMvc就是用来模拟我们的MVC环境的对象, 他负责模拟Spring的MVC设置, 例如对Controller方法的RequestMapping等的扫描, 使用什么ViewResolver等等, 一般我们使用默认配置即可

由于此处我们需要将Controller mock掉, 所以我们不能使用真实的Spring MVC环境, 要使用与原web程序一样的真实的Spring MVC环境, 请使用

MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(webApplicationContext).build()

此处我们使用自定义的web MVC环境, controller也是自己注入的

        // mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(categoryController).build();
        mockMvc = QMockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(categoryController).build();

注意这里使用的是QMockMvcBuilders, 而不是mockito提供的MockMvcBuilders, 原因就是Spring3.2 默认开启的忽略accept, url后缀匹配自动设置response content-type,这样容易导致406

所以我想把自动关闭后缀匹配, 又由于MockMvcBuilders无法读取spring-mvc的配置文件, 无法关闭该特性, 且MockMvcBuilders提供的关闭该特性(关闭favorPathExtension属性)内部方法居然是protected的,所以我只好继承该类去关闭该特性了

package com.qunar.fresh.exam.web.mockmvc;

/**
 * @author zhenwei.liu created on 2013 13-10-15 上午1:19
 * @version 1.0.0
 */
public class QMockMvcBuilders {
    public static StandaloneMockMvcBuilderWithNoPathExtension standaloneSetup(Object... controllers) {
        return new StandaloneMockMvcBuilderWithNoPathExtension(controllers);
    }
}

package com.qunar.fresh.exam.web.mockmvc;

import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.setup.StandaloneMockMvcBuilder;
import org.springframework.web.accept.ContentNegotiationManagerFactoryBean;

/**
 * 一个favorPathExtension=false的StandaloneMockMvcBuilder
 * 
 * @author zhenwei.liu created on 2013 13-10-15 上午12:30
 * @version 1.0.0
 */
public class StandaloneMockMvcBuilderWithNoPathExtension extends StandaloneMockMvcBuilder {

    /**
     * 重设 ContentNegotiationManager, 关闭自动URL后缀检测
     * 
     * @param controllers 控制器
     */
    protected StandaloneMockMvcBuilderWithNoPathExtension(Object... controllers) {
        super(controllers);
        ContentNegotiationManagerFactoryBean factory = new ContentNegotiationManagerFactoryBean();
        factory.setFavorPathExtension(false); // 关闭URL后缀检测
        factory.afterPropertiesSet();
        setContentNegotiationManager(factory.getObject());
    }
}

另外还有个工具类, 和一个用来创建测试数据的builder

package com.qunar.fresh.exam.web.mockmvc;

import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.setup.StandaloneMockMvcBuilder;
import org.springframework.web.accept.ContentNegotiationManagerFactoryBean;

/**
 * 一个favorPathExtension=false的StandaloneMockMvcBuilder
 * 
 * @author zhenwei.liu created on 2013 13-10-15 上午12:30
 * @version 1.0.0
 */
public class StandaloneMockMvcBuilderWithNoPathExtension extends StandaloneMockMvcBuilder {

    /**
     * 重设 ContentNegotiationManager, 关闭自动URL后缀检测
     * 
     * @param controllers 控制器
     */
    protected StandaloneMockMvcBuilderWithNoPathExtension(Object... controllers) {
        super(controllers);
        ContentNegotiationManagerFactoryBean factory = new ContentNegotiationManagerFactoryBean();
        factory.setFavorPathExtension(false); // 关闭URL后缀检测
        factory.afterPropertiesSet();
        setContentNegotiationManager(factory.getObject());
    }
}

package com.qunar.fresh.exam.controller.category;

import com.qunar.fresh.exam.bean.Category;

/**
 * 用于创建的Category测试数据
 *
 * @author zhenwei.liu created on 2013 13-10-14 下午12:00
 * @version 1.0.0
 */
public class CategoryBuilder {
    private int id;
    private String name;

    public CategoryBuilder id(int id) {
        this.id = id;
        return this;
    }

    public CategoryBuilder name(String name) {
        this.name = name;
        return this;
    }

    public Category build() {
        return new Category(id, name);
    }
}

最后看看返回结果

MockHttpServletRequest:
         HTTP Method = GET
         Request URI = /category/manage.htm
          Parameters = {}
             Headers = {}

             Handler:
                Type = com.qunar.fresh.exam.controller.CategoryController
              Method = public org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView com.qunar.fresh.exam.controller.CategoryController.categoryManage()

  Resolved Exception:
                Type = null

        ModelAndView:
           View name = category/categoryList
                View = null
           Attribute = categoryList
               value = [com.qunar.fresh.exam.bean.Category@60e390, com.qunar.fresh.exam.bean.Category@fc40ae]

            FlashMap:

MockHttpServletResponse:
              Status = 200
       Error message = null
             Headers = {}
        Content type = null
                Body = 
       Forwarded URL = category/categoryList
      Redirected URL = null
             Cookies = []

对表单提交方法进行测试

待提交的bean结构和验证内容

/**
 * @author zhenwei.liu created on 2013 13-10-15 下午4:19
 * @version 1.0.0
 */
@WebAppConfiguration
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration(locations = "classpath:spring/service.xml")
public class PostControllerTest {
    private MockMvc mockMvc;

    @Mock
    private PostService mockPostService;

    @InjectMocks
    private PostController postController;

    @Before
    public void before() {
        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
        Mockito.reset(mockPostService);
        mockMvc = QMockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(postController).build();
    }

    @Test
    public void testPostAddWhenTitleExceeds20() throws Exception {
        mockMvc.perform(
                post("/post/add").contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_FORM_URLENCODED)
                        .param("title", TestUtil.createStringWithLength(21))
                        .param("content", "NaN")).andDo(print())
                .andExpect(status().isMovedTemporarily())
                .andExpect(redirectedUrl("/post/addPage"))
                .andExpect(flash().attributeCount(1))
                .andExpect(flash().attribute("errMap", hasKey("title")))
                .andExpect(flash().attribute("errMap", hasValue("标题长度必须在2至20个字符之间")));
    }
}

Controller方法

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

import javax.annotation.Resource;
import javax.validation.Valid;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.validation.BindingResult;
import org.springframework.validation.FieldError;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ModelAttribute;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.support.RedirectAttributes;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.view.RedirectView;

import com.qunar.mvcdemo.bean.Post;
import com.qunar.mvcdemo.service.PostService;

/**
 * @author zhenwei.liu created on 2013 13-10-12 下午11:51
 * @version 1.0.0
 */
@Controller
@RequestMapping("/post")
public class PostController {

    @Resource
    PostService postService;

    @RequestMapping("/list")
    public ModelAndView list() {
        ModelAndView mav = new ModelAndView("post/list");
        mav.addObject(postService.fetchPosts());
        return mav;
    }

    @RequestMapping("/addPage")
    public ModelAndView addPage(@ModelAttribute HashMap<String, String> errMap) {
        return new ModelAndView("post/add");
    }

    @RequestMapping(value = "/add", method = RequestMethod.POST)
    public ModelAndView add(@Valid Post post, BindingResult bindingResult, RedirectAttributes redirectAttributes) {
        // 个人认为Spring的错误信息局限性太大,不如自己取出来手动处理
        if (bindingResult.hasErrors()) {
            Map<String, String> errMap = new HashMap<String, String>();
            for (FieldError fe : bindingResult.getFieldErrors()) {
                errMap.put(fe.getField(), fe.getDefaultMessage());
            }
            redirectAttributes.addFlashAttribute("errMap", errMap);
            return new ModelAndView(new RedirectView("/post/addPage"));
        }
        postService.addPost(post);
        return new ModelAndView(new RedirectView("/post/list"));
    }
}

测试方法

/**
 * @author zhenwei.liu created on 2013 13-10-15 下午4:19
 * @version 1.0.0
 */
@WebAppConfiguration
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration(locations = "classpath:spring/service.xml")
public class PostControllerTest {
    private MockMvc mockMvc;

    @Mock
    private PostService mockPostService;

    @InjectMocks
    private PostController postController;

    @Before
    public void before() {
        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
        Mockito.reset(mockPostService);
        mockMvc = QMockMvcBuilders.standaloneSetup(postController).build();
    }

    @Test
    public void testPostAddWhenTitleExceeds20() throws Exception {
        mockMvc.perform(
                post("/post/add").contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_FORM_URLENCODED)
                        .param("title", TestUtil.createStringWithLength(21))
                        .param("content", "NaN")).andDo(print())
                .andExpect(status().isMovedTemporarily())
                .andExpect(redirectedUrl("/post/addPage"))
                .andExpect(flash().attributeCount(1))
                .andExpect(flash().attribute("errMap", hasKey("title")))
                .andExpect(flash().attribute("errMap", hasValue("标题长度必须在2至20个字符之间")));
    }
}

注意的点

1. 这个请求链使用了 RedirectAttribute的flashAttribute, flashAttribute的是一个基于Session的临时数据, 他使用session暂时存储, 接收方使用@ModelAttribte 来接受参数使用.

2. 使用了flash().attribute()来判断错误信息是否是期待值

查看输出

MockHttpServletRequest:
         HTTP Method = POST
         Request URI = /post/add
          Parameters = {title=[274864264523756946214], content=[NaN]}
             Headers = {Content-Type=[application/x-www-form-urlencoded]}

             Handler:
                Type = com.qunar.mvcdemo.controller.PostController
              Method = public org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView com.qunar.mvcdemo.controller.PostController.add(com.qunar.mvcdemo.bean.Post,org.springframework.validation.BindingResult,org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.support.RedirectAttributes)

               Async:
   Was async started = false
        Async result = null

  Resolved Exception:
                Type = null

        ModelAndView:
           View name = null
                View = org.springframework.web.servlet.view.RedirectView: unnamed; URL [/post/addPage]
               Model = null

            FlashMap:
           Attribute = errMap
               value = {title=标题长度必须在2至20个字符之间}

MockHttpServletResponse:
              Status = 302
       Error message = null
             Headers = {Location=[/post/addPage]}
        Content type = null
                Body = 
       Forwarded URL = null
      Redirected URL = /post/addPage
             Cookies = []

对REST API测试

Controller接口

    /**
     * 添加分类
     * 
     * @param category
     * @return
     */
    @ResponseBody
    @RequestMapping(value = "/add.json", method = RequestMethod.POST)
    public Object categoryAdd(@RequestBody @Valid Category category) {
        if (!loginCheck()) {
            return getRedirectView("/loginPage.htm");
        }

        // 检查类目名是否重复
        Map<String, Object> params = Maps.newHashMap();
        params.put("name", category.getName());
        List<Category> test = categoryService.fetchCategories(params);
        if (test != null && test.size() != 0) { // 重复类目
            return JsonUtils.errorJson("分类名已存在");
        }

        categoryService.addCategory(category);
        logService.addLog(session.getAttribute(USERNAME).toString(), LogType.ADD, "新增课程类目: " + category.getName());
        return JsonUtils.dataJson("");
    }

测试方法

    /**
     * 添加已存在课程分类测试 期待返回错误信息JSON数据
     * 
     * @throws Exception
     */
    @Test
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public void testCategoryAddWhenNameDuplicated() throws Exception {
        Category duplicatedCategory = new CategoryBuilder().id(1).name(TestUtil.createStringWithLength(5)).build();
        String jsonData = new ObjectMapper().writeValueAsString(duplicatedCategory);

        when(mockSession.getAttribute(SessionUtil.USERNAME)).thenReturn(TestUtil.createStringWithLength(5));
        when(mockCategoryService.fetchCategories(anyMap())).thenReturn(ImmutableList.of(duplicatedCategory));

        mockMvc.perform(
                post("/category/add.json").contentType(TestUtil.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8)
                        .accept(TestUtil.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8).content(jsonData)).andDo(print())
                .andExpect(status().isOk()).andExpect(content().contentType(TestUtil.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8))
                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.ret", is(false))).andExpect(jsonPath("$.errcode", is(1)))
                .andExpect(jsonPath("$.errmsg", is("分类名已存在")));

        verify(mockSession, times(1)).getAttribute(SessionUtil.USERNAME);
        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockSession);
        verify(mockCategoryService, times(1)).fetchCategories(anyMap());
        verifyNoMoreInteractions(mockCategoryService);
    }

需要注意的是这里需要将请求数据序列化为JSON格式post过去,我们需要设置Accept头和request content-type以及response content-type

最后是验证返回的JSON数据是否符合预期要求,这里使用jsonpath来获取json的特定属性

输出如下

MockHttpServletRequest:
         HTTP Method = POST
         Request URI = /category/add.json
          Parameters = {}
             Headers = {Content-Type=[application/json;charset=UTF-8], Accept=[application/json;charset=UTF-8]}

             Handler:
                Type = com.qunar.fresh.exam.controller.CategoryController
              Method = public java.lang.Object com.qunar.fresh.exam.controller.CategoryController.categoryAdd(com.qunar.fresh.exam.bean.Category)

  Resolved Exception:
                Type = null

        ModelAndView:
           View name = null
                View = null
               Model = null

            FlashMap:

MockHttpServletResponse:
              Status = 200
       Error message = null
             Headers = {Content-Type=[application/json;charset=UTF-8]}
        Content type = application/json;charset=UTF-8
                Body = {"ret":false,"errcode":1,"errmsg":"分类名已存在"}
       Forwarded URL = null
      Redirected URL = null
             Cookies = []