一丶单例设计模式
什么是单列设计模式?
就是让类只能创建一个。(保证类在内存中只有一个对象)
下面介绍两种方法:
1.饿汉式
class Singleton {
//1,私有构造方法,其他类不能访问该构造方法了
private Singleton(){}
//2,创建本类对象
private static Singleton s = new Singleton();
//3,对外提供公共的访问方法
public static Singleton getInstance() { //获取实例
return s;
}
}
2.懒汉式
class Singleton {
//1,私有构造方法,其他类不能访问该构造方法了
private Singleton(){}
//2,声明一个引用
private static Singleton s ;
//3,对外提供公共的访问方法
public static Singleton getInstance() { //获取实例
if(s == null) {
//线程1等待,线程2等待
s = new Singleton();
}
return s;
}
}
两者的区别
1,饿汉式是空间换时间,懒汉式是时间换空间
2,在多线程访问时,饿汉式不会创建多个对象,而懒汉式有可能会创建多个对象
推荐使用饿汉式
3.第三种格式
class Singleton {
//1,私有构造方法,其他类不能访问该构造方法了
private Singleton(){}
//2,声明一个引用
public static final Singleton s = new Singleton();
}
关于单列设计模式的小练习
```java
public class Main{
public static void main(String args[]) {
Single ss = Single.getInstance();
ss.print();
ss.print();
Single sss =Single.getInstance();
sss.print();
Single ssss = Single.getInstance();
ssss.print();
}
}
class Single
{
int a=100;
private Single() {
}
private static Single s = new Single();
public static Single getInstance()
{
return s ;
}
public void print()
{
a--;
System.out.println(a);
}
}
常用的单例设计模式的类
Runtime 运行时类
相当于dos控制台下的操作
```java
public class Main{
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime();
// rt.exec("shutdown -s -t 300"); //300s后注销计算机的指令
rt.exec("shutdown -a"); //取消注销计算机的指令
}
}
下面介绍Timer类
用法
1.创建TimerTask 类 执行相应的逻辑
2.创建Timer类 安排任务以及时间 以及重复次数
3.主线程休眠 每秒调用一次 执行相应的逻辑
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Timer;
import java.util.TimerTask;
public class Demo3_Timer {
/**
* @param args
* @throws InterruptedException
*/
@SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Timer t = new Timer();
//在指定时间安排指定任务
//第一个参数,是安排的任务,第二个参数是执行的时间,第三个参数是过多长时间再重复执行
t.schedule(new MyTimerTask(), new Date(2018-1900, 11-1, 8, 15, 43, 40),3000);
while(true) {
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(new Date());
}
}
}
class MyTimerTask extends TimerTask {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("起床背英语单词");
}
}
线程之间的通信
两者之间的通信
public class Main{
public static void main(String args[]) {
final Printer p = new Printer();
new Thread("线程1") {
public void run() {
while(true) {
try {
p.print1();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}.start();
new Thread("线程2") {
public void run() {
while(true) {
try {
p.print2();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}.start();
}
}
class Printer
{
private int flag = 1;
public void print1() throws InterruptedException {
synchronized(this) {
if(flag != 1) {
this.wait();
}
System.out.print("黑");
System.out.print("马");
System.out.print("程");
System.out.print("序");
System.out.print("员");
System.out.print("\r\n");
flag = 2;
this.notify();
}
}
public void print2() throws InterruptedException {
synchronized(this) {
if(flag != 2) {
this.wait();
}
System.out.print("传");
System.out.print("智");
System.out.print("播");
System.out.print("客");
System.out.print("\r\n");
flag = 1;
this.notify();
}
}
}
- 注意事项:
- 1,在同步代码块中,用哪个对象锁,就用哪个对象调用wait方法
- 2,为什么wait方法和notify方法定义在Object这类中?
- 因为锁对象可以是任意对象,Object是所有的类的基类,所以wait方法和notify方法需要定义在Object这个类中
- 3,sleep方法和wait方法的区别?
- a,sleep方法必须传入参数,参数就是时间,时间到了自动醒来
- wait方法可以传入参数也可以不传入参数,传入参数就是在参数的时间结束后等待,不传入参数就是直接等待
- b,sleep方法在同步函数或同步代码块中,不释放锁,睡着了也抱着锁睡
- wait方法在同步函数或者同步代码块中,释放锁
三者以上的线程通信
public class Main{
public static void main(String args[]) {
final Printer p = new Printer();
new Thread("线程1") {
public void run() {
while(true) {
try {
p.print1();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}.start();
new Thread("线程2") {
public void run() {
while(true) {
try {
p.print2();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}.start();
new Thread("线程3") {
public void run() {
while(true) {
try {
p.print3();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}.start();
}
}
class Printer
{
private int flag = 1;
public void print1() throws InterruptedException {
synchronized(this) {
while(flag != 1) {
this.wait();
}
System.out.print("黑");
System.out.print("马");
System.out.print("程");
System.out.print("序");
System.out.print("员");
System.out.print("\r\n");
flag = 2;
this.notifyAll();
}
}
public void print2() throws InterruptedException {
synchronized(this) {
while(flag != 2) {
this.wait();
}
System.out.print("传");
System.out.print("智");
System.out.print("播");
System.out.print("客");
System.out.print("\r\n");
flag = 3;
this.notifyAll();
}
}
public void print3() throws InterruptedException {
synchronized(this) {
while(flag != 3) {
this.wait();
}
System.out.print("i");
System.out.print("t");
System.out.print("h");
System.out.print("e");
System.out.print("i");
System.out.print("m");
System.out.print("a");
System.out.print("\r\n");
flag = 1;
this.notifyAll();
}
}
}
jdk1.5以后的互斥锁
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
public class Demo3_ReentrantLock {
public static void main(String[] args) {
final Printer3 p = new Printer3();
new Thread() {
public void run() {
while(true) {
try {
p.print1();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}.start();
new Thread() {
public void run() {
while(true) {
try {
p.print2();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}.start();
new Thread() {
public void run() {
while(true) {
try {
p.print3();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}.start();
}
}
class Printer3 {
private ReentrantLock r = new ReentrantLock();
private Condition c1 = r.newCondition();
private Condition c2 = r.newCondition();
private Condition c3 = r.newCondition();
private int flag = 1;
public void print1() throws InterruptedException {
r.lock(); //获取锁
if(flag != 1) {
c1.await();
}
System.out.print("黑");
System.out.print("马");
System.out.print("程");
System.out.print("序");
System.out.print("员");
System.out.print("\r\n");
flag = 2;
//this.notify(); //随机唤醒单个等待的线程
c2.signal();
r.unlock(); //释放锁
}
public void print2() throws InterruptedException {
r.lock();
if(flag != 2) {
c2.await();
}
System.out.print("传");
System.out.print("智");
System.out.print("播");
System.out.print("客");
System.out.print("\r\n");
flag = 3;
//this.notify();
c3.signal();
r.unlock();
}
public void print3() throws InterruptedException {
r.lock();
if(flag != 3) {
c3.await();
}
System.out.print("i");
System.out.print("t");
System.out.print("h");
System.out.print("e");
System.out.print("i");
System.out.print("m");
System.out.print("a");
System.out.print("\r\n");
flag = 1;
c1.signal();
r.unlock();
}
}
线程组
public class Demo4_ThreadGroup {
/**
* @param args
* ThreadGroup
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
//demo1();
ThreadGroup tg = new ThreadGroup("我是一个新的线程组"); //创建新的线程组
MyRunnable mr = new MyRunnable(); //创建Runnable的子类对象
Thread t1 = new Thread(tg, mr, "张三"); //将线程t1放在组中
Thread t2 = new Thread(tg, mr, "李四"); //将线程t2放在组中
System.out.println(t1.getThreadGroup().getName()); //获取组名
System.out.println(t2.getThreadGroup().getName());
tg.setDaemon(true);
}
public static void demo1() {
MyRunnable mr = new MyRunnable();
Thread t1 = new Thread(mr, "张三");
Thread t2 = new Thread(mr, "李四");
ThreadGroup tg1 = t1.getThreadGroup();
ThreadGroup tg2 = t2.getThreadGroup();
System.out.println(tg1.getName()); //默认的是主线程
System.out.println(tg2.getName());
}
}
class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
for(int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "...." + i);
}
}
}
线程池
- A:线程池概述
- 程序启动一个新线程成本是比较高的,因为它涉及到要与操作系统进行交互。而使用线程池可以很好的提高性能,尤其是当程序中要创建大量生存期很短的线程时,更应该考虑使用线程池。线程池里的每一个线程代码结束后,并不会死亡,而是再次回到线程池中成为空闲状态,等待下一个对象来使用。在JDK5之前,我们必须手动实现自己的线程池,从JDK5开始,Java内置支持线程池
- B:内置线程池的使用概述
- JDK5新增了一个Executors工厂类来产生线程池,有如下几个方法
- public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads)
- public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor()
- 这些方法的返回值是ExecutorService对象,该对象表示一个线程池,可以执行Runnable对象或者Callable对象代表的线程。它提供了如下方法
- Future<?> submit(Runnable task)
- Future submit(Callable task)
- 使用步骤:
- 创建线程池对象
- 创建Runnable实例
- 提交Runnable实例
- 关闭线程池
- C:案例演示
- 提交的是Runnable
- JDK5新增了一个Executors工厂类来产生线程池,有如下几个方法
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
public class Demo5_Executors {
/**
* public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads)
* public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor()
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);//创建线程池
pool.submit(new MyRunnable()); //将线程放进池子里并执行
pool.submit(new MyRunnable());
pool.shutdown(); //关闭线程池
}
}
第三种创建线程的方法
用的很少 了解即可
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
public class Demo6_Callable {
/**
* @param args
* @throws ExecutionException
* @throws InterruptedException
*/
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);//创建线程池
Future<Integer> f1 = pool.submit(new MyCallable(100)); //将线程放进池子里并执行
Future<Integer> f2 = pool.submit(new MyCallable(50));
System.out.println(f1.get());
System.out.println(f2.get());
pool.shutdown(); //关闭线程池
}
}
class MyCallable implements Callable<Integer> {
private int num;
public MyCallable(int num) {
this.num = num;
}
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
int sum = 0;
for(int i = 1; i <= num; i++) {
sum += i;
}
return sum;
}
}