READHAT7 RHCSA学习笔记进程管理-优快云博客

本文链接：https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/qq_38170766/article/details/105586077

进程与服务

在linux系统中执行一个程序或者命令就可以触发一个事件，取得一个进程ID，每个程序都由所有人所有组其他人三种权限，不同的人执行这个程序系统基于的权限也是不一样的。

[root@localhost tmp]# ps -l
F S   UID    PID   PPID  C PRI  NI ADDR SZ WCHAN  TTY          TIME CMD
4 S     0  11134  11129  0  80   0 - 28845 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 bash
4 S     0  11268  11134  0  80   0 - 46918 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 su
4 S     0  11280  11269  0  80   0 - 46906 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 su
4 S     0  11284  11280  0  80   0 - 28845 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 bash
4 S     0  11301  11284  0  80   0 - 46918 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 su
4 S     0  11313  11302  0  80   0 - 46906 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 su
4 S     0  11317  11313  0  80   0 - 28845 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 bash
4 S     0  11446  11317  0  80   0 - 46918 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 su
4 S     0  11465  11447  0  80   0 - 46906 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 su
4 S     0  11469  11465  0  80   0 - 28845 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 bash
4 S     0  11488  11469  0  80   0 - 46918 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 su
4 S     0  11504  11489  0  80   0 - 46906 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 su
4 S     0  11508  11504  0  80   0 - 28845 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 bash
4 S     0  11520  11508  0  80   0 - 46918 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 su
4 S     0  11537  11521  0  80   0 - 46906 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 su
4 S     0  11541  11537  0  80   0 - 28845 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 bash
4 S     0  11564  11541  0  80   0 - 46918 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 su
4 S     0  11590  11565  0  80   0 - 46906 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 su
4 S     0  11594  11590  0  80   0 - 28845 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 bash
4 S     0  11606  11594  0  80   0 - 46918 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 su
4 S     0  11621  11607  0  80   0 - 46906 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 su
4 S     0  11625  11621  0  80   0 - 28845 wait   pts/1    00:00:00 bash
4 T     0  13193  11625  0  80   0 - 33026 signal pts/1    00:00:00 ping
4 T     0  13194  11625  0  80   0 - 31978 signal pts/1    00:00:00 ping
0 R     0  13247  11625  0  80   0 - 37233 -      pts/1    00:00:00 ps

上述操作中

F 代表这个程序的旗标，说明这个程序的权限值4为root

S 代表这个程序的运行状态

R表示正在运行

S表示程序处于休眠状态

D表示不可被唤醒状态

T表示停滞状态

Z代表是僵尸进程

UID 用户ID

PID 进程ID

PPID 父进程ID

C代表CPU使用率

PRT/NI 是代表程序被CPU执行的优先级，这个值越小，代表这个程序会越快被执行

ADDR/SZ/WCHAN 与内存有关

TTY 代表登入者的终端机位置

TIME 代表用掉CPU的时间

CMD 代表所执行的命令

nohub 程序会一直进行不会因为用户下线停掉

执行的脚本后面空格&会让脚本切换到后台自动运行

ctrl+z 会将进程停掉放到后台，并不会关闭进程这个时候可以用 fg%n重新切换到进程

[1]-  Stopped                 ping http://45.67.15.102/
[2]+  Stopped                 ping 45.67.15.102
[root@localhost tmp]# fg %2
ping 45.67.15.102
64 bytes from 45.67.15.102: icmp_seq=4 ttl=128 time=302 ms
64 bytes from 45.67.15.102: icmp_seq=5 ttl=128 time=303 ms
64 bytes from 45.67.15.102: icmp_seq=6 ttl=128 time=606 ms
64 bytes from 45.67.15.102: icmp_seq=7 ttl=128 time=326 ms
64 bytes from 45.67.15.102: icmp_seq=8 ttl=128 time=300 ms
64 bytes from 45.67.15.102: icmp_seq=9 ttl=128 time=297 ms

jobs 可以查看后台的停掉的进程

[root@localhost tmp]# jobs
[1]   Stopped                 ping http://45.67.15.102/
[2]-  Stopped                 ping 45.67.15.102
[3]+  Stopped                 vim crontab.log

进程管理ps

插板阀通的进程观察命令及参数

ps -ef

ps aux

ps -lA

ps axjf

ps -A 所有的进程全部显示，与-e有同样的作用
ps -a 不予terminal有关的所有进程
ps -u 有效使用者相关的进程
ps  x 通常与a参数一起使用可以列出较为完整的信息

top查看进程资源占用情况

[root@localhost ~]# top
top - 10:01:39 up 23:10,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05
Tasks: 160 total,   1 running, 159 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
%Cpu(s):  0.0 us,  0.3 sy,  0.0 ni, 99.7 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
KiB Mem :  1867264 total,  1189020 free,   161452 used,   516792 buff/cache
KiB Swap:  3144696 total,  3144696 free,        0 used.  1480728 avail Mem 

   PID USER      PR  NI    VIRT    RES    SHR S %CPU %MEM     TIME+ COMMAND    
 14158 root      20   0  157724   2340   1552 R  0.3  0.1   0:00.04 top        
     1 root      20   0  128044   6660   3908 S  0.0  0.4   0:01.46 systemd    
     2 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kthreadd   
     3 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.20 ksoftirqd/0
     7 root      rt   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 migration/0
     8 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 rcu_bh     
     9 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:06.20 rcu_sched  
    10 root      rt   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.44 watchdog/0 
    12 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 khelper    
    13 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kdevtmpfs  
    14 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 netns      
    15 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.01 khungtaskd 
    16 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 writeback  
    17 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kintegrityd
    18 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 bioset     
    19 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kblockd    
    20 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 md         
    26 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kswapd0    
    27 root      25   5       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 ksmd       
    28 root      39  19       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.16 khugepaged 
    29 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 fsnotify_m+
    30 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 crypto     
    38 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kthrotld   
    40 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kmpath_rda+
    41 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kpsmoused  
    43 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 ipv6_addrc+
    62 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 deferwq    
    94 root      20   0       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kauditd    
   270 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 ata_sff    
   272 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 ttm_swap   
   275 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 mpt_poll_0 
   276 root       0 -20       0      0      0 S  0.

top第一行的命令可以用uptime来查看

[root@localhost ~]# uptime
 10:04:49 up 23:13,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05

查看系统与核心相关的信息

uname -a 系统所有相关的信息都会列出来

[root@localhost ~]# uname -a
Linux localhost.localdomain 3.10.0-514.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Wed Oct 19 11:24:13 EDT 2016 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

uname -s 系统核心的名称

[root@localhost ~]# uname -s
Linux

uname -r 核心的版本

[root@localhost ~]# uname -r
3.10.0-514.el7.x86_64

uname -m 系统的硬件名称

[root@localhost ~]# uname -m
x86_64

uname -p CPU的类型

[root@localhost ~]# uname -p
x86_64

uname -i 硬件平台

[root@localhost ~]# uname -i
x86_64

列出系统网络连接的情况

netstat -a 列出系统中所有联机监听

[root@localhost ~]# netstat -a
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:ssh             0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 localhost:smtp          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0     96 localhost.localdoma:ssh 192.168.137.1:50979     ESTABLISHED
tcp6       0      0 [::]:ssh                [::]:*                  LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 localhost:smtp          [::]:*                  LISTEN     
raw6       0      0 [::]:ipv6-icmp          [::]:*                  7          
Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)
Proto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node   Path
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23169    private/rewrite
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23172    private/bounce
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23175    private/defer
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23178    private/trace
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23181    private/verify
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23187    private/proxymap
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23190    private/proxywrite
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23193    private/smtp
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23155    public/pickup
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23196    private/relay
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23159    public/cleanup
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23202    private/error
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23205    private/retry
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23208    private/discard
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23211    private/local
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23214    private/virtual
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23217    private/lmtp
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23220    private/anvil
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23223    private/scache
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23166    private/tlsmgr
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     13195    /run/systemd/private
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23162    public/qmgr
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23184    public/flush
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23199    public/showq
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     13220    /run/lvm/lvmpolld.socket
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17585    /var/run/pcscd/pcscd.comm
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17588    /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENI

netstat -u UDP的程序

[root@localhost ~]# netstat -u
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State

netstat -t TCP的程序

[root@localhost ~]# netstat -t
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      
tcp        0     96 localhost.localdoma:ssh 192.168.137.1:50979     ESTABLISHED

netstat -n 列出端口号

[root@localhost ~]# netstat -n
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      
tcp        0     96 192.168.137.201:22      192.168.137.1:50979     ESTABLISHED
Active UNIX domain sockets (w/o servers)
Proto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node   Path
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    13240    /run/systemd/shutdownd
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    8401     /run/systemd/notify
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    8403     /run/systemd/cgroups-agent
unix  5      [ ]         DGRAM                    8424     /run/systemd/journal/socket
unix  13     [ ]         DGRAM                    8426     /dev/log
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     23167    
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    171350   
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    18362    
unix  3      [ ]         DGRAM                    14215    
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     23171    
unix  3      [ ]         DGRAM                    14216    
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     19379    /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    13645    
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     18537    
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    14181    
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     19464    /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     19378    
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    171255   
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    19529    
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    23125    
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     18538    /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    18545    
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    171542   
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     17873    
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     23170    
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     17920    
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM

netstat -l 列出正在网络监听的服务

[root@localhost ~]# netstat -l
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:ssh             0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 localhost:smtp          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 [::]:ssh                [::]:*                  LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 localhost:smtp          [::]:*                  LISTEN     
raw6       0      0 [::]:ipv6-icmp          [::]:*                  7          
Active UNIX domain sockets (only servers)
Proto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node   Path
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23169    private/rewrite
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23172    private/bounce
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23175    private/defer
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23178    private/trace
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23181    private/verify
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23187    private/proxymap
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23190    private/proxywrite
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23193    private/smtp
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23155    public/pickup
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23196    private/relay
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23159    public/cleanup
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23202    private/error
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23205    private/retry
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23208    private/discard
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23211    private/local
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23214    private/virtual
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23217    private/lmtp
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23220    private/anvil
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23223    private/scache
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23166    private/tlsmgr
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     13195    /run/systemd/private
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23162    public/qmgr
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23184    public/flush
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     23199    public/showq
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     13220    /run/lvm/lvmpolld.socket
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17585    /var/run/pcscd/pcscd.comm
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17588    /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     18360    /var/run/abrt/abrt.socket
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     13261    /run/lvm/lvmetad.socket
unix  2      [ ACC ]     SEQPACKET  LISTENING     13271    /run/udev/control
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     8421     /run/systemd/journal/stdout

netstat -p 列出网络服务的程序pid

[root@localhost ~]# netstat -p
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name    
tcp        0     96 localhost.localdoma:ssh 192.168.137.1:50979     ESTABLISHED 14134/sshd: root@pt 
Active UNIX domain sockets (w/o servers)
Proto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node   PID/Program name     Path
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    13240    1/systemd            /run/systemd/shutdownd
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    8401     1/systemd            /run/systemd/notify
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    8403     1/systemd            /run/systemd/cgroups-agent
unix  5      [ ]         DGRAM                    8424     1/systemd            /run/systemd/journal/socket
unix  13     [ ]         DGRAM                    8426     1/systemd            /dev/log
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     23167    1742/master          
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    171350   14134/sshd: root@pt  
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    18362    958/abrtd            
unix  3      [ ]         DGRAM                    14215    588/systemd-udevd    
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     23171    1742/master          
unix  3      [ ]         DGRAM                    14216    588/systemd-udevd    
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     19379    962/dbus-daemon      /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    13645    1/systemd            
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     18537    991/crond            
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    14181    588/systemd-udevd    
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     19464    566/systemd-journal  /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     19378    998/python           
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    171255   14138/pickup         
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    19529    1131/NetworkManager  
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    23125    1742/master          
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     18538    566/systemd-journal  /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    18545    991/crond            
unix  2      [ ]         DGRAM                    171542   14170/anacron        
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     17873    959/vmtoolsd         
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     23170    1742/master          
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     17920    962/dbus-daemon      
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     17894    961/systemd-logind   
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     23164    1742/master          
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     17919    962/dbus-daemon      
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     19544    962/dbus-daemon      /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CO

/proc目录

/proc/cpuinfo

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo 
processor       : 0
vendor_id       : GenuineIntel
cpu family      : 6
model           : 158
model name      : Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-8750H CPU @ 2.20GHz
stepping        : 10
microcode       : 0x96
cpu MHz         : 2207.268
cache size      : 9216 KB
physical id     : 0
siblings        : 1
core id         : 0
cpu cores       : 1
apicid          : 0
initial apicid  : 0
fpu             : yes
fpu_exception   : yes
cpuid level     : 22
wp              : yes
flags           : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch arat fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 invpcid mpx rdseed adx smap clflushopt xsaveopt xsavec
bogomips        : 4416.00
clflush size    : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes   : 43 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

/proc/mounts

/proc/meminfo

/proc/loadavg

vmstat

[root@localhost ~]# vmstat
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ------cpu-----
 r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st
 2  0      0 1189516   7688 509268    0    0     4     2   56   91  0  0 100  0  0

free 查看内存使用情况的常用命令

free -m

[root@localhost ~]# free
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:        1867264      160636     1189640        8856      516988     1481544
Swap:       3144696           0     3144696
[root@localhost ~]# free -m
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           1823         156        1161           8         504        1446
Swap:          3070           0        3070