针对于需要先截取字符串,再根据截取字符串进行group by ,并且取记录数大于2的,再用having count(*)

针对于需要先截取字符串,再根据截取字符串进行group by ,并且取记录数大于2的,再用having count(*)

业务场景是这样的,要求查询user_name的前两位相同的并且记录条数大于二的记录

解决方案

SELECT *,LEFT(user_name,2) FROM USER GROUP BY LEFT(user_name,2) HAVING COUNT(*) > 1

执行后的效果

<think>我们根据用户的要求,结合引用内容,逐一回答五个问题。注意在适当位置添加引用标记。 1. **SELECT的各种条件语句**: - 使用WHERE子句进行条件筛选,如:`SELECT * FROM table WHERE condition;` - 使用AND/OR组合多个条件,如:`SELECT * FROM table WHERE condition1 AND condition2;` - 使用IN运算符匹配多个值,如:`SELECT * FROM table WHERE column IN (value1, value2);` [^1] - 使用BETWEEN进行范围查询,如:`SELECT * FROM table WHERE column BETWEEN value1 AND value2;` [^1] - 使用LIKE进行模糊匹配,如:`SELECT * FROM table WHERE column LIKE 'pattern';` [^1] - 使用IS NULL判断空值,如:`SELECT * FROM table WHERE column IS NULL;` [^1] - 使用EXISTS判断子查询是否存在结果,如:`SELECT * FROM table1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM table2 WHERE condition);` [^1] 2. **MySQL常用的日期函数和字符函数**: - **日期函数**: - `NOW()`:返回当前日期和时间,如:`SELECT NOW();` 返回当前时间 [^2]。 - `CURDATE()`:返回当前日期,如:`SELECT CURDATE();` [^2]。 - `DATEDIFF(date1, date2)`:计算两个日期之间的天数差,如:`SELECT DATEDIFF('2023-12-31', '2023-01-01') AS days;` 返回364 [^3]。 - `DATE_FORMAT(date, format)`:格式化日期,如:`SELECT DATE_FORMAT(NOW(), '%Y-%m-%d') AS formatted_date;` 返回'2023-01-01'。 - **字符函数**: - `CONCAT(str1, str2, ...)`:连接字符串,如:`SELECT CONCAT('Hello', ' ', 'World');` 返回'Hello World'。 - `SUBSTRING(str, start, length)`:截取字符串,如:`SELECT SUBSTRING('MySQL', 2, 3);` 返回'SQL'。 - `UPPER(str)`和`LOWER(str)`:转换大小写,如:`SELECT UPPER('mysql');` 返回'MYSQL'。 - `TRIM([remstr FROM] str)`:去除字符串两端空格或指定字符,如:`SELECT TRIM(' MySQL ');` 返回'MySQL'。 3. **MySQL的多表连接查询**: - **内连接(INNER JOIN)**:返回两个表中匹配的行。 ```sql SELECT e.name, d.department_name FROM employees e INNER JOIN departments d ON e.dept_id = d.id; ``` - **左连接(LEFT JOIN)**:返回左表的所有行,以及右表中匹配的行(不匹配则为NULL)。 ```sql SELECT e.name, d.department_name FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d ON e.dept_id = d.id; ``` - **右连接(RIGHT JOIN)**:返回右表的所有行,以及左表中匹配的行(不匹配则为NULL)。 ```sql SELECT e.name, d.department_name FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d ON e.dept_id = d.id; ``` - **自连接(Self Join)**:表与自身连接,如查找同一部门的员工: ```sql SELECT e1.name, e2.name FROM employees e1 INNER JOIN employees e2 ON e1.dept_id = e2.dept_id AND e1.id <> e2.id; ``` 4. **聚合函数的应用**: - `SUM()`:计算总和,如:`SELECT SUM(salary) AS total_salary FROM employees;` - `AVG()`:计算平均值,如:`SELECT AVG(salary) AS avg_salary FROM employees;` - `MAX()`:求最大值,如:`SELECT MAX(salary) AS max_salary FROM employees;` - `MIN()`:求最小值,如:`SELECT MIN(salary) AS min_salary FROM employees;` - `COUNT()`:计数,如:`SELECT COUNT(*) AS employee_count FROM employees;` 分组使用示例: ```sql SELECT department_id, COUNT(*) AS emp_count, AVG(salary) AS avg_salary FROM employees GROUP BY department_id HAVING AVG(salary) > 5000; -- HAVING用于分组后的条件筛选 ``` 5. **嵌套查询**: - 在WHERE子句中使用子查询: ```sql SELECT name FROM employees WHERE department_id IN ( SELECT id FROM departments WHERE location = 'Beijing' ); ``` - 在FROM子句中使用子查询(派生表): ```sql SELECT e.name, d.department_name FROM employees e INNER JOIN ( SELECT id, department_name FROM departments WHERE location = 'Beijing' ) d ON e.dept_id = d.id; ``` - 关联子查询:子查询引用外部查询的列。 ```sql SELECT e1.name, e1.salary FROM employees e1 WHERE salary > ( SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees e2 WHERE e2.department_id = e1.department_id ); ``` - 使用EXISTS: ```sql SELECT * FROM departments d WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT 1 FROM employees e WHERE e.dept_id = d.id AND e.salary > 10000 ); ``` 最后,生成相关问题: §§相关问题§§ 1. 在MySQL中,如何优化包含多表连接和聚合函数的大数据量查询2. MySQL中`WHERE`和`HAVING`子句的本质区别是什么? 3. 在嵌套查询中,关联子查询和非关联子查询的执行效率有何差异? 4. 如何利用窗口函数来替代部分嵌套查询场景? 5. 在什么情况下应该避免使用`IN`子查询,而使用`JOIN`操作?</think>### 数据库系统原理 学号:21551119087 姓名:刘嘉豪 --- ### 一、SELECT条件语句详解 1. **基本条件筛选** ```sql -- 单条件筛选 SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 10000; -- 多条件组合 (AND/OR) SELECT name, department FROM employees WHERE department = 'Sales' AND hire_date > '2020-01-01'; ``` 2. **范围查询** ```sql -- BETWEEN (包含边界值) SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_date BETWEEN '2023-01-01' AND '2023-01-31'; ``` 3. **模糊匹配** ```sql -- LIKE通配符 SELECT * FROM products WHERE name LIKE 'Apple%'; -- 匹配"Apple"开头 ``` 4. **空值判断** ```sql SELECT * FROM customers WHERE phone IS NULL; -- 筛选无电话记录的客户 ``` 5. **集合匹配** ```sql -- IN运算符 SELECT * FROM products WHERE category_id IN (3, 5, 7); -- 匹配指定分类 ``` 6. **存在性判断** ```sql -- EXISTS子查询 SELECT * FROM departments d WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT 1 FROM employees e WHERE e.department_id = d.id AND e.salary > 8000 ); ``` --- ### 二、MySQL常用函数示例 #### 日期函数 1. **当前时间** ```sql SELECT NOW(); -- 2023-10-15 14:30:45 (日期+时间) SELECT CURDATE(); -- 2023-10-15 (仅日期) [^2] ``` 2. **日期计算** ```sql -- 计算工龄(年) SELECT name, FLOOR(DATEDIFF(NOW(), hire_date)/365) AS work_years FROM employees; ``` 3. **日期格式化** ```sql SELECT DATE_FORMAT(NOW(), '%Y年%m月%d日') AS chinese_date; -- 2023年10月15日 ``` #### 字符函数 1. **字符串处理** ```sql SELECT CONCAT(first_name, ' ', last_name) AS full_name, -- 拼接姓名 UPPER(city) AS city_upper, -- 转为大写 SUBSTRING(email, 1, 5) AS email_prefix -- 截取前5位 FROM users; ``` 2. **去空格处理** ```sql SELECT TRIM(' MySQL ') AS cleaned; -- "MySQL" ``` --- ### 三、多表连接查询 1. **内连接** (返回匹配记录) ```sql SELECT e.name, d.department_name FROM employees e INNER JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.id; ``` 2. **左连接** (保留左表所有记录) ```sql SELECT c.customer_name, o.order_date FROM customers c LEFT JOIN orders o ON c.id = o.customer_id; -- 包含无订单客户 ``` 3. **三表连接** (引用[3]) ```sql SELECT e.name, d.department_name, t.avg_salary FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d ON e.deptno = d.deptno LEFT JOIN ( SELECT deptno, AVG(sal) AS avg_salary FROM employees GROUP BY deptno ) t ON e.deptno = t.deptno; ``` --- ### 四、聚合函数应用 ```sql SELECT COUNT(*) AS total_employees, -- 总记录数 MAX(salary) AS highest_salary, -- 最高薪资 MIN(hire_date) AS oldest_hire, -- 最早入职 AVG(salary) AS avg_salary, -- 平均薪资 SUM(sales) AS total_sales -- 销售总额 FROM employees; -- 分组聚合 SELECT department_id, COUNT(*) AS emp_count, AVG(salary) AS dept_avg_salary FROM employees GROUP BY department_id HAVING AVG(salary) > 5000; -- 筛选平均薪资>5000的部门 ``` --- ### 五、嵌套查询实例 1. **WHERE子查询** ```sql SELECT name FROM employees WHERE department_id IN ( SELECT id FROM departments WHERE location = 'Beijing' ); -- 查询北京部门的员工 [^1] ``` 2. **FROM子查询** ```sql SELECT dept_avg.name, dept_avg.avg_sal FROM ( SELECT d.name, AVG(e.salary) AS avg_sal FROM departments d JOIN employees e ON d.id = e.department_id GROUP BY d.id ) AS dept_avg WHERE avg_sal > 10000; ``` 3. **关联子查询** ```sql SELECT name, salary, department_id FROM employees e1 WHERE salary > ( SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees e2 WHERE e2.department_id = e1.department_id ); -- 查询薪资高于部门平均的员工 ``` ---
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