Python基础 - tkinter 窗口

tkinter 是python 自带的可编辑的GUI界面

标签和按钮

定义 window 窗口 和 window的一些属性, 然后书写窗口内容, 最后执行window.mainloop让窗口活起来。

import Tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk()
window.title(‘my window’)
window.geometry(‘200x100’)
window.mainloop()

建立一个用来描述的标签 tk.Label, 比如

l = tk.Label(window, 
    text='OMG! this is TK!',    # 标签的文字
    bg='green',     # 背景颜色
    font=('Arial', 12),     # 字体和字体大小
    width=15, height=2  # 标签长宽
    )
l.pack()    # 固定窗口位置

引入按钮 tk.Button 的概念, 每点一次按钮, 标签变化一次. 用以下内容替换上面的标签. 并把需要变化的文字存成变量 var

var = tk.StringVar()    # 这时文字变量储存器
l = tk.Label(window, 
    textvariable=var,   # 使用 textvariable 替换 text, 因为这个可以变化
    bg='green', font=('Arial', 12), width=15, height=2)
l.pack() 

接着我们来做 按钮 tk.Button:

b = tk.Button(window, 
    text='hit me',      # 显示在按钮上的文字
    width=15, height=2, 
    command=hit_me)     # 点击按钮式执行的命令
b.pack()    # 按钮位置

点击是的命令用 if else 语句来判断. 用 on_hit 来判断当前状态。

on_hit = False  # 默认初始状态为 False
var = tk.StringVar()    # 这时文字变量储存器
def hit_me():
    global on_hit
    if on_hit == False:     # 从 False 状态变成 True 状态
           on_hit = True
        var.set('you hit me')   # 设置标签的文字为 'you hit me'
    else:       # 从 True 状态变成 False 状态
        on_hit = False
        var.set('') # 设置 文字为空

完整代码：

import Tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk()
window.title('my window')
window.geometry('200x100')

on_hit = False  # 默认初始状态为 False
var = tk.StringVar()    # 这时文字变量储存器
def hit_me():
    global on_hit
    if on_hit == False:     # 从 False 状态变成 True 状态
        on_hit = True
        var.set('you hit me')   # 设置标签的文字为 'you hit me'
    else:       # 从 True 状态变成 False 状态
        on_hit = False
        var.set('') # 设置 文字为空

l = tk.Label(window, 
    textvariable=var,   # 使用 textvariable 替换 text, 因为这个可以变化
    bg='green', font=('Arial', 12), width=15, height=2)
l.pack() 
b = tk.Button(window, 
    text='hit me',      # 显示在按钮上的文字
    width=15, height=2, 
    command=hit_me)     # 点击按钮式执行的命令
b.pack()    # 按钮位置
window.mainloop()

Entry & Text

实例

插入文本测试
import Tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk()
window.title(‘my window’)
window.geometry(‘500x500’)
#因为Python的执行顺序是从上往下，所以函数一定要放在按钮的上面
def insert_point():
var = e.get()
t.insert(‘insert’,var)

def insert_end():
    var = e.get()
    t.insert('end',var)

#创建输入框entry，用户输入任何内容都显示为*
e = tk.Entry(window,show='*')
e.pack()
b1 = tk.Button(window,text="insert point",width=15,height=2,command=insert_point)
b1.pack()

b2 = tk.Button(window,text="insert end",command=insert_end)
b2.pack()

#创建一个文本框用于显示
t = tk.Text(window,height=2)
t.pack()

window.mainloop()

listbox

import Tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk()
window.title('my window')
window.geometry('500x500')

var1 = tk.StringVar()
l = tk.Label(window, bg='yellow', width=4, textvariable=var1)
l.pack()

def print_selection():
    value = lb.get(lb.curselection())
    var1.set(value)

b1 = tk.Button(window, text='print selection', width=15,
              height=2, command=print_selection)
b1.pack()

var2 = tk.StringVar()
var2.set((11,22,33,44))
lb = tk.Listbox(window, listvariable=var2)
list_items = [1,2,3,4]
for item in list_items:
    lb.insert('end', item)
lb.insert(1, 'first')
lb.insert(2, 'second')
lb.delete(2)
lb.pack()
window.mainloop()

选择按钮

#-*-coding:utf-8 -*-
import Tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk()
window.title('my window')
window.geometry('500x500')
var = tk.StringVar()
l = tk.Label(window, bg='yellow', width=20, text='empty')
l.pack()

def print_selection():
    l.config(text='you have selected ' + var.get())

r1 = tk.Radiobutton(window, text='Option A',
                    variable=var, value='A',
                    command=print_selection)
r1.pack()
r2 = tk.Radiobutton(window, text='Option B',
                    variable=var, value='B',
                    command=print_selection)
r2.pack()
r3 = tk.Radiobutton(window, text='Option C',
                    variable=var, value='C',
                    command=print_selection)
r3.pack()

window.mainloop()

尺度

会返回一个具体的数字

#-*-coding:utf-8 -*-
import Tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk()
window.title('my window')
window.geometry('500x500')

l = tk.Label(window, bg='yellow', width=20, text='empty')
l.pack()

def print_selection(v):
    l.config(text='you have selected ' + v)

s = tk.Scale(window, label='try me', from_=1, to=11, orient=tk.HORIZONTAL,
             length=200, showvalue=0, tickinterval=2, resolution=0.01, command=print_selection)
s.pack()

window.mainloop()

勾选项 多选

#-*-coding:utf-8 -*-
import Tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk()
window.title('my window')
window.geometry('500x500')

l = tk.Label(window, bg='yellow', width=20, text='empty')
l.pack()

def print_selection():
    if (var1.get() == 1) & (var2.get() == 0):
        l.config(text='I love only Python ')
    elif (var1.get() == 0) & (var2.get() == 1):
        l.config(text='I love only C++')
    elif (var1.get() == 0) & (var2.get() == 0):
        l.config(text='I do not love either')
    else:
        l.config(text='I love both')

var1 = tk.IntVar()
var2 = tk.IntVar()
c1 = tk.Checkbutton(window, text='Python', variable=var1, onvalue=1, offvalue=0,
                    command=print_selection)
c2 = tk.Checkbutton(window, text='C++', variable=var2, onvalue=1, offvalue=0,
                    command=print_selection)
c1.pack()
c2.pack()


window.mainloop()

Canvas 画布

#-*-coding:utf-8 -*-
import Tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('my window')
window.geometry('500x500')

canvas = tk.Canvas(window, bg='blue', height=400, width=400)
image_file = tk.PhotoImage(file='opk.gif')
image = canvas.create_image(10, 10, anchor='nw', image=image_file)
x0, y0, x1, y1= 50, 50, 80, 80
line = canvas.create_line(x0, y0, x1, y1)
oval = canvas.create_oval(x0, y0, x1, y1, fill='red')
arc = canvas.create_arc(x0+30, y0+30, x1+30, y1+30, start=0, extent=180)
rect = canvas.create_rectangle(100, 30, 100+20, 30+20)
canvas.pack()

def moveit():
    canvas.move(rect, 0, 2)

b = tk.Button(window, text='move', command=moveit).pack()


window.mainloop()

Menubar 菜单

#-*-coding:utf-8 -*-
import Tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('my window')
window.geometry('500x500')

l = tk.Label(window, text='', bg='yellow')
l.pack()
counter = 0
def do_job():
    global counter
    l.config(text='do '+ str(counter))
    counter+=1

menubar = tk.Menu(window)
filemenu = tk.Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
menubar.add_cascade(label='File', menu=filemenu)
filemenu.add_command(label='New', command=do_job)
filemenu.add_command(label='Open', command=do_job)
filemenu.add_command(label='Save', command=do_job)
filemenu.add_separator()
filemenu.add_command(label='Exit', command=window.quit)

editmenu = tk.Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
menubar.add_cascade(label='Edit', menu=editmenu)
editmenu.add_command(label='Cut', command=do_job)
editmenu.add_command(label='Copy', command=do_job)
editmenu.add_command(label='Paste', command=do_job)

submenu = tk.Menu(filemenu)
filemenu.add_cascade(label='Import', menu=submenu, underline=0)
submenu.add_command(label="Submenu1", command=do_job)

window.config(menu=menubar)

window.mainloop()

Frame 框架

#-*-coding:utf-8 -*-
import Tkinter as tk

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('my window')
window.geometry('500x500')
tk.Label(window, text='on the window').pack()

frm = tk.Frame(window)
frm.pack()
frm_l = tk.Frame(frm, )
frm_r = tk.Frame(frm)
frm_l.pack(side='left')
frm_r.pack(side='right')

tk.Label(frm_l, text='on the frm_l1').pack()
tk.Label(frm_l, text='on the frm_l2').pack()
tk.Label(frm_r, text='on the frm_r1').pack()
window.mainloop()

messagebox 弹窗

#-*-coding:utf-8 -*-
import Tkinter as tk
window = tk.Tk()
window.title('my window')
window.geometry('500x500')
def hit_me():
    tk.messagebox.showinfo(title='Hi', message='hahahaha')
    tk.messagebox.showwarning(title='Hi', message='nononono')
    tk.messagebox.showerror(title='Hi', message='No!! never')
    print(tk.messagebox.askquestion(title='Hi', message='hahahaha'))   # return 'yes' , 'no'
    print(tk.messagebox.askyesno(title='Hi', message='hahahaha'))   # return True, False

tk.Button(window, text='hit me', command=hit_me).pack()
window.mainloop()

pack grid place 放置位置

主要是3种方法

• grid
• pack

• place

  #-*-coding:utf-8 -*-
  import Tkinter as tk
  window = tk.Tk()
  window.title('my window')
  window.geometry('500x500')
  canvas = tk.Canvas(window, height=150, width=500)
  canvas.grid(row=1, column=1)
  image_file = tk.PhotoImage(file='opk.gif')
  image = canvas.create_image(0, 0, anchor='nw', image=image_file)
  
  #1
  #tk.Label(window, text='1').pack(side='top')
  #tk.Label(window, text='1').pack(side='bottom')
  #tk.Label(window, text='1').pack(side='left')
  #tk.Label(window, text='1').pack(side='right')
  #2
  for i in range(4):
      for j in range(3):
          tk.Label(window, text=1).grid(row=i, column=j, padx=10, pady=10)
  #3
  # tk.Label(window, text=1).place(x=20, y=10, anchor='nw')
  window.mainloop()
  

登录窗口

#-*-coding:utf-8 -*-
import Tkinter as tk

import pickle

window = tk.Tk()
window.title('Welcome to Mofan Python')
window.geometry('450x300')

# welcome image
canvas = tk.Canvas(window, height=200, width=500)
image_file = tk.PhotoImage(file='opk.gif')
image = canvas.create_image(0,0, anchor='nw', image=image_file)
canvas.pack(side='top')

# user information
tk.Label(window, text='User name: ').place(x=50, y= 150)
tk.Label(window, text='Password: ').place(x=50, y= 190)

var_usr_name = tk.StringVar()
var_usr_name.set('example@python.com')
entry_usr_name = tk.Entry(window, textvariable=var_usr_name)
entry_usr_name.place(x=160, y=150)
var_usr_pwd = tk.StringVar()
entry_usr_pwd = tk.Entry(window, textvariable=var_usr_pwd, show='*')
entry_usr_pwd.place(x=160, y=190)

def usr_login():
    usr_name = var_usr_name.get()
    usr_pwd = var_usr_pwd.get()
    try:
        with open('usrs_info.pickle', 'rb') as usr_file:
            usrs_info = pickle.load(usr_file)
    except FileNotFoundError:
        with open('usrs_info.pickle', 'wb') as usr_file:
            usrs_info = {'admin': 'admin'}
            pickle.dump(usrs_info, usr_file)
    if usr_name in usrs_info:
        if usr_pwd == usrs_info[usr_name]:
            tk.messagebox.showinfo(title='Welcome', message='How are you? ' + usr_name)
        else:
            tk.messagebox.showerror(message='Error, your password is wrong, try again.')
    else:
        is_sign_up = tk.messagebox.askyesno('Welcome',
                               'You have not sign up yet. Sign up today?')
        if is_sign_up:
            usr_sign_up()

def usr_sign_up():
    pass

# login and sign up button
btn_login = tk.Button(window, text='Login', command=usr_login)
btn_login.place(x=170, y=230)
btn_sign_up = tk.Button(window, text='Sign up', command=usr_sign_up)
btn_sign_up.place(x=270, y=230)

window.mainloop()