8. String to Integer (atoi)

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本文深入探讨了一种将字符串转换为整数的算法实现，包括处理正负号、忽略前导空格、数字范围限制及溢出情况。通过具体示例说明了算法的工作原理和流程。

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Implement atoi which converts a string to an integer.

The function first discards as many whitespace characters as necessary until the first non-whitespace character is found. Then, starting from this character, takes an optional initial plus or minus sign followed by as many numerical digits as possible, and interprets them as a numerical value.

The string can contain additional characters after those that form the integral number, which are ignored and have no effect on the behavior of this function.

If the first sequence of non-whitespace characters in str is not a valid integral number, or if no such sequence exists because either str is empty or it contains only whitespace characters, no conversion is performed.

If no valid conversion could be performed, a zero value is returned.

Note:

Only the space character ’ ’ is considered as whitespace character.
Assume we are dealing with an environment which could only store integers within the 32-bit signed integer range: [−231, 231 − 1]. If the numerical value is out of the range of representable values, INT_MAX (231 − 1) or INT_MIN (−231) is returned.
Example 1:

Input: “42”
Output: 42
Example 2:

Input: " -42"
Output: -42
Explanation: The first non-whitespace character is ‘-’, which is the minus sign.
Then take as many numerical digits as possible, which gets 42.
Example 3:

Input: “4193 with words”
Output: 4193
Explanation: Conversion stops at digit ‘3’ as the next character is not a numerical digit.
Example 4:

Input: “words and 987”
Output: 0
Explanation: The first non-whitespace character is ‘w’, which is not a numerical
digit or a +/- sign. Therefore no valid conversion could be performed.
Example 5:

Input: “-91283472332”
Output: -2147483648
Explanation: The number “-91283472332” is out of the range of a 32-bit signed integer.
Thefore INT_MIN (−231) is returned
主要是要考虑多种情况：

class Solution:
    def myAtoi(self, str: str) -> int:
        strlen=len(str)
        out=[]
        shifou=0
        biaodian='+'
        if(strlen==0):
            return 0
        for i in range(0,strlen):
            p=str[i]
            if (str[i].isdigit()):
                out.append(str[i])
            elif (str[i]=='-' or str[i]=='+'):
                if out==[]:
                    if shifou==0:
                        if str[i]=='-':
                            biaodian='-'
                        else:
                            biaodian='+'
                        shifou=1
                    else:
                        break
                else:
                    break
            elif(str[i]==' '):
                if(shifou==1):
                    break
                if out==[]:
                    continue
                else:
                    break
            else:
                
                break
        print(out)
        if(out==[]):
            return 0
        out="".join(out)
        out=biaodian+out
        out=int(out)
        
        if(out>=2**31-1):
            out=2**31-1
        if(out<=(-2)**31):
            out=(-2)**31
        return out