[leetcode] 353. Design Snake Game 解题报告

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本文详细介绍了如何设计一款在给定屏幕尺寸下玩的Snake游戏，包括游戏规则、蛇的初始状态和食物出现规则。通过使用队列和哈希表数据结构，有效地管理蛇的位置和移动，确保游戏的正常运行。在吃掉食物后，会有一个特殊的处理步骤，以确保长度的增加在下一个移动指令时才体现出来。

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题目链接: https://leetcode.com/problems/design-snake-game/

Design a Snake game that is played on a device with screen size = width x height. Play the game online if you are not familiar with the game.

The snake is initially positioned at the top left corner (0,0) with length = 1 unit.

You are given a list of food's positions in row-column order. When a snake eats the food, its length and the game's score both increase by 1.

Each food appears one by one on the screen. For example, the second food will not appear until the first food was eaten by the snake.

When a food does appear on the screen, it is guaranteed that it will not appear on a block occupied by the snake.

Example:

Given width = 3, height = 2, and food = [[1,2],[0,1]].

Snake snake = new Snake(width, height, food);

Initially the snake appears at position (0,0) and the food at (1,2).

|S| | |
| | |F|

snake.move("R"); -> Returns 0

| |S| |
| | |F|

snake.move("D"); -> Returns 0

| | | |
| |S|F|

snake.move("R"); -> Returns 1 (Snake eats the first food and right after that, the second food appears at (0,1) )

| |F| |
| |S|S|

snake.move("U"); -> Returns 1

| |F|S|
| | |S|

snake.move("L"); -> Returns 2 (Snake eats the second food)

| |S|S|
| | |S|

snake.move("U"); -> Returns -1 (Game over because snake collides with border)

思路: 设计一个贪吃蛇游戏, 给定了长宽初始位置和食物位置, 并且每次给一个移动方向的指令. 可以用一个队列来保存当前蛇身体所占的位置, 每次往队列中添加当前位置并且删除队首元素. 还需要判断的是当前位置是否到达边界和是否撞到了自身, 为了做这个判断可以用一个hash表来同样存储映射一下蛇身体所占的位置, 这样做的好处是无论是添加删除还是判断都可以在O(1)时间复杂度内完成.

有一个需要注意的是当吃掉一个食物之后长度虽然增加了, 但是并不是即刻反应的, 也就是说如果当前一步吃掉了食物, 但是他所占的位置还没有增加, 因为你不知道应该把长度添加在哪里. 所以需要一个标记, 在下一个指令给出的时候蛇的尾巴不移动, 只在移动方向上把这个长度加上.

代码如下:

class SnakeGame {
public:
    /** Initialize your data structure here.
        @param width - screen width
        @param height - screen height 
        @param food - A list of food positions
        E.g food = [[1,1], [1,0]] means the first food is positioned at [1,1], the second is at [1,0]. */
    SnakeGame(int width, int height, vector<pair<int, int>> food)
        :w(width), h(height), x(0),y(0), cur(0), flag(0), fd(food)
    {
        que.push(0);
        hash[0] = true;
    }
    
    /** Moves the snake.
        @param direction - 'U' = Up, 'L' = Left, 'R' = Right, 'D' = Down 
        @return The game's score after the move. Return -1 if game over. 
        Game over when snake crosses the screen boundary or bites its body. */
    int move(string direction) {
        if(direction == "U") x--;
        if(direction == "L") y--;
        if(direction == "R") y++;
        if(direction == "D") x++;
        if(flag == 0)
        {
            int val = que.front();
            hash.erase(val);
            que.pop();
        }
        if(x<0||y<0||x>=h||y>=w||hash.count(x*w+y)) return -1;
        que.push(x*w+y);
        hash[x*w+y] = true;
        flag = 0;
        if(x== fd[cur].first && y == fd[cur].second) flag=1, cur++;
        return que.size()+flag-1;
    }
private:
    queue<int> que;
    unordered_map<int, bool> hash;
    int w, h, x, y, cur, flag;
    vector<pair<int, int>> fd;
};

/**
 * Your SnakeGame object will be instantiated and called as such:
 * SnakeGame obj = new SnakeGame(width, height, food);
 * int param_1 = obj.move(direction);
 */