request
Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时，变得美好了许多，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作
Get请求
# 1、无参数实例
import requests
ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print(ret.url)
print(ret.text)
# 2、有参数实例
import requests
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
print(ret.url)
print(ret.text)
POST请求
# 1、基本POST实例
import requests
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
print(ret.text)
# 2、发送请求头和数据实例
import requests
import json
url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
print(ret.text)
print(ret.cookies)
其他请求
requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)
requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)
requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.head(url, **kwargs)
requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.options(url, **kwargs)
# 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建
requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)
requests.request() 参数
method: 提交方式 get/post
url：提交地址。
params：在URL上传递的参数，GET形式传递到后台，例如向http://www.oldboyyede.com上传数据。
requests.request(
method = 'GET',
url = 'http://www.oldboyyede.com',
params = { 'k1' : 'v1' , 'k2' : 'v2' }
)
# http://www.oldboyyede.com?k1=v1&k2=v2
data：在请求体里面传递的数据，后面可以是字典，字节等数据类型
requests.request(
method = 'POST',
url = 'http://www.oldboyyede.com',
# data= { 'k1' : 'v1' , 'k2' : 'v2' , 'x':[1,2,3]}
data=" user=wjw&pwd=123123 "
)
json：在请求体里面传递数据，把整体序列化成一个大字符串,字典中嵌套字典的话用JSON
requests.request(
method = 'POST',
url = 'http://www.oldboyyede.com',
json= { 'k1' : 'v1' , 'k2' : 'v2' }
)
# "{ 'k1' : 'v1' , 'k2' : 'v2' }"
headers：请求头。
一定要添加浏览器，不然可能会遇到网络防火墙
# 一定要添加浏览器，不然可能会遇到网络防火墙拦截你的请求
headers = {'User-Agent': ''}
r1 = requests.get(
url='http://dig.chouti.com/',
headers=headers
)
files：上传文件对象。
# 模块的详细使用
import requests
requests.post(
url='xxxxxx',
files={
# 'f1':open('s1.py','rb')
# 可以上传元祖的形式上传，sssss1.py为后台获取的名称
'f1': open('sssss1.py',('s1.py', 'rb'))
}
)
参数实例
def param_method_url():
# requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
# requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
pass
def param_param():
# - 可以是字典
# - 可以是字符串
# - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）
# requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
# requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")
# requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
# 错误
# requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
pass
def param_data():
# 可以是字典
# 可以是字符串
# 可以是字节
# 可以是文件对象
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
# )
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
# headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
# )
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
# headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
# )
pass
def param_json():
# 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)
# 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
requests.request(method='POST',
url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
def param_headers():
# 发送请求头到服务器端
requests.request(method='POST',
url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},
headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
)
def param_cookies():
# 发送Cookie到服务器端
requests.request(method='POST',
url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},
)
# 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）
from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
from http.cookiejar import Cookie
obj = CookieJar()
obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,
discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,
port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
)
requests.request(method='POST',
url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
cookies=obj)
def param_files():
# 发送文件
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict)
# 发送文件，定制文件名
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict)
# 发送文件，定制文件名
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict)
# 发送文件，定制文件名
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict)
pass
<br>
# 做基本认证 header中加密的用户名和密码
def param_auth():
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth
ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wangjiawei', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
print(ret.text)
# ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
# auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
# ret.encoding = 'gbk'
# print(ret.text)
# ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
# print(ret)
#
# 请求和响应的超时时间
def param_timeout():
# ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
# print(ret)
# ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
# print(ret)
pass
<br>
# 是允许否重定向
def param_allow_redirects():
ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)
print(ret.text)
<br>
# 代理 出口IP 不是本机IP。 流程是：先给代理发，代理帮助我们向目的地址发。
def param_proxies():
# proxies = {
# "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
# "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
# }
# proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}
# ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/123456", proxies=proxies)
# print(ret.headers)
# from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
#
# proxyDict = {
# 'http': '77.75.105.165',
# 'https': '77.75.105.165'
# }
# auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
#
# r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
# print(r.text)
pass
<br>
# 流形式 比如下片
def param_stream():
ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)
print(ret.content)
ret.close()
# from contextlib import closing
# with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
# # 在此处理响应。迭代处理
# for i in r.iter_content():
# print(i)
def requests_session():
import requests
session = requests.Session()
### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie
i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
i2 = session.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
data={
'phone': "8612345678977",
'password': "xxxxxx",
'oneMonth': ""
}
)
i3 = session.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
)
print(i3.text)
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