本文围绕代理IP可用性验证展开。因代理IP有时效性，爬取到的大多不可用，需验证其可用性。文中给出验证代理IP可用性的项目代码，包括utils.py、settings.py等文件，还介绍了运行方法，可通过命令行终端执行命令检测。
目录
在《基于Scrapy的IP代理池搭建》一文中，我们将从网页爬取到的免费代理IP按照如下格式保存到了Redis的 proxies:unchecked:list 队列中。
同时，为了避免同一代理IP被重复存储，在将代理保存到 proxies:unchecked:list 队列之前，会先将其 URL （例如：https://39.98.254.72:3128）保存到 proxies:unchecked:set 集合中用来进行去重校验。
众所周知，代理IP都是有时效性的。不可避免地，你会发现爬取到 proxies:unchecked:list 队列中的代理大部分都是不可用的，所以在使用代理IP之前还需要对代理IP的可用性进行验证，验证的方法就是：使用代理IP去请求指定URL，根据返回的响应判断代理IP是否可用。
废话到此为止，接下来呈上验证代理IP可用性的代码，项目完整目录如下。
项目代码
utils.py
utils.py 是一个工具类，包含了一些常用操作，比如：剔除字符串的首位空白，获取代理IP的URL，更新代理IP的信息。
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import logging
from settings import PROXY_URL_FORMATTER
# 设置日志的输出样式
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO,
format='[%(asctime)-15s] [%(levelname)8s] [%(name)10s ] - %(message)s (%(filename)s:%(lineno)s)',
datefmt='%Y-%m-%d %T'
)
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
# 剔除字符串的首位空格
def strip(data):
if data is not None:
return data.strip()
return data
# 获取代理IP的url地址
def _get_url(proxy):
return PROXY_URL_FORMATTER % {'schema': proxy['schema'], 'ip': proxy['ip'], 'port': proxy['port']}
# 根据请求结果更新代理IP的字段信息
def _update(proxy, successed=False):
proxy['used_total'] = proxy['used_total'] + 1
if successed:
proxy['continuous_failed'] = 0
proxy['success_times'] = proxy['success_times'] + 1
else:
proxy['continuous_failed'] = proxy['continuous_failed'] + 1settings.py
settings.py 汇聚了整个项目的配置信息。
# 指定Redis的主机名和端口
REDIS_HOST = '172.16.250.238'
REDIS_PORT = 6379
REDIS_PASSWORD = 123456
# 保存已经检验的代理的 Redis key 格式化字符串
PROXIES_REDIS_FORMATTER = 'proxies::{}'
# 保存已经检验的代理
PROXIES_REDIS_EXISTED = 'proxies::existed'
# 保存未检验代理的Redis key
PROXIES_UNCHECKED_LIST = 'proxies:unchecked:list'
# 已经存在的未检验HTTP代理和HTTPS代理集合
PROXIES_UNCHECKED_SET = 'proxies:unchecked:set'
# 最多连续失败几次
MAX_FAILURE_TIMES = 2
# 代理地址的格式化字符串
PROXY_URL_FORMATTER = '%(schema)s://%(ip)s:%(port)s'
BASE_HEADERS = {
'Connection': 'close',
'Accept': '*/*',
'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, sdch',
'Accept-Language': 'en-US,en;q=0.9,zh-CN;q=0.8,zh;q=0.7'
}
USER_AGENT_LIST = [
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1092.0 Safari/536.6",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1090.0 Safari/536.6",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.77.34.5 Safari/537.1",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.9 Safari/536.5",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.36 Safari/536.5",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_0) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.0 Safari/536.3",
"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24"
]
# 检验代理可用性的请求地址
PROXY_CHECK_URLS = {'https': ['https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/pengjunlee/article/details/81212250',
'https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/pengjunlee/article/details/54974260', 'https://icanhazip.com'],
'http': ['http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/pengjunlee/article/details/80919833',
'http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/pengjunlee/article/details/81589972', 'http://icanhazip.com']}
proxy_queue.py
proxy_queue.py 定义了两个代理存储队列类：刚刚爬取到的尚未检测过可用性的代理IP队列（UncheckQueue）和已经检测过可用性的代理IP队列（CheckQueue，该队列中的代理IP也需要定时反复检测可用性）。
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import json
from utils import _get_url
from settings import PROXIES_REDIS_EXISTED, PROXIES_REDIS_FORMATTER, PROXIES_UNCHECKED_LIST, PROXIES_UNCHECKED_SET, \
MAX_FAILURE_TIMES
"""
Proxy Queue Base Class
"""
class BaseQueue(object):
def __init__(self, server):
"""Initialize the proxy queue instance
Parameters
----------
server : StrictRedis
Redis client instance
"""
self.server = server
def _is_existed(self, proxy):
"""判断当前代理是否已经存在"""
added = self.server.sadd(PROXIES_REDIS_EXISTED, _get_url(proxy))
return added == 0
def push(self, proxy):
"""根据检验结果，将代理放入相应队列"""
if not self._is_existed(proxy) and proxy['continuous_failed'] < MAX_FAILURE_TIMES:
key = PROXIES_REDIS_FORMATTER.format(proxy['schema'])
self.server.rpush(key, json.dumps(proxy, ensure_ascii=False))
def pop(self, schema, timeout=0):
"""Pop a proxy"""
raise NotImplementedError
def __len__(self, schema):
"""Return the length of the queue"""
raise NotImplementedError
class CheckedQueue(BaseQueue):
"""待检测的代理队列"""
def __len__(self, schema):
"""Return the length of the queue"""
return self.server.llen(PROXIES_REDIS_FORMATTER.format(schema))
def pop(self, schema, timeout=0):
"""从未检测列表弹出一个待检测的代理"""
if timeout > 0:
p = self.server.blpop(PROXIES_REDIS_FORMATTER.format(schema), timeout)
if isinstance(p, tuple):
p = p[1]
else:
p = self.server.lpop(PROXIES_REDIS_FORMATTER.format(schema))
if p:
p = eval(p)
self.server.srem(PROXIES_REDIS_EXISTED, _get_url(p))
return p
class UncheckedQueue(BaseQueue):
"""已检测的代理队列"""
def __len__(self, schema=None):
"""Return the length of the queue"""
return self.server.llen(PROXIES_UNCHECKED_LIST)
def pop(self, schema=None, timeout=0):
"""从未检测列表弹出一个待检测的代理"""
if timeout > 0:
p = self.server.blpop(PROXIES_UNCHECKED_LIST, timeout)
if isinstance(p, tuple):
p = p[1]
else:
p = self.server.lpop(PROXIES_UNCHECKED_LIST)
if p:
p = eval(p)
self.server.srem(PROXIES_UNCHECKED_SET, _get_url(p))
return pcheck_proxy.py
使用 OptionParser 模块，通过从命令终端传入不同参数来控制检测不同代理队列的可用性。
# encoding=utf-8
import redis
from optparse import OptionParser
import random
import requests
from utils import logger, _get_url, _update
from proxy_queue import CheckedQueue, UncheckedQueue
from settings import USER_AGENT_LIST, BASE_HEADERS, REDIS_HOST, REDIS_PORT, REDIS_PASSWORD, PROXY_CHECK_URLS
USAGE = "usage: python check_proxy.py [ -c -s <schema>] or [-u]"
parser = OptionParser(USAGE)
parser.add_option("-c", "--checked", action="store_true", dest="checked", help="check the proxies already checked")
parser.add_option("-u", "--unchecked", action="store_false", dest="checked", help="check the proxies to be checked")
parser.add_option("-s", "--schema", action="store", dest="schema", type="choice", choices=['http', 'https'],
help="the schema of the proxies to be checked")
options, args = parser.parse_args()
r = redis.StrictRedis(host=REDIS_HOST, port=REDIS_PORT, password=REDIS_PASSWORD)
if options.checked:
schema = options.schema
if schema is None:
logger.error("使用 -c 参数时，需要指定 -s 参数！！！")
proxy_queue = CheckedQueue(r)
else:
schema = None
proxy_queue = UncheckedQueue(r)
# 获取当前待检测队列中代理的数量
count = proxy_queue.__len__(schema=schema)
while count > 0:
logger.info("待检测代理数量： " + str(count))
count = count - 1
# 获取代理
proxy = proxy_queue.pop(schema=options.schema)
proxies = {proxy['schema']: _get_url(proxy)}
# 初始化计数字段值
if "used_total" not in proxy:
proxy['used_total'] = 0
if "success_times" not in proxy:
proxy['success_times'] = 0
if "continuous_failed" not in proxy:
proxy['continuous_failed'] = 0
# 构造请求头
headers = dict(BASE_HEADERS)
if 'User-Agent' not in headers.keys():
headers['User-Agent'] = random.choice(USER_AGENT_LIST)
for url in PROXY_CHECK_URLS[proxy['schema']]:
try:
# 使用代理发送请求，获取响应
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers, proxies=proxies, timeout=5)
except BaseException:
logger.info("使用代理< " + _get_url(proxy) + " > 请求 < " + url + " > 结果： 失败 ")
successed = False
else:
if (response.status_code == 200):
logger.info("使用代理< " + _get_url(proxy) + " > 请求 < " + url + " > 结果： 成功 ")
successed = True
break
else:
logger.info("使用代理< " + _get_url(proxy) + " > 请求 < " + url + " > 结果： 失败 ")
successed = False
if options.checked:
# 已检测过的代理，根据检测结果更新代理信息
_update(proxy, successed=successed)
# 将代理返还给队列
proxy_queue.push(proxy)
elif successed:
# 首次检测的代理，如果可用直接放入可用队列
proxy_queue.push(proxy)运行方法
打开命令行终端，执行如下命令开始检测代理IP的可用性：
python check_proxy.py -u # 检测 proxies:unchecked:list 队列中代理的可用性
python check_proxy.py -c -s http # 检测 proxies::http 队列中代理的可用性
python check_proxy.py -c -s https # 检测 proxies::https 队列中代理的可用性例如：
[root@localhost proxy_check]# python3 /usr/local/src/python_projects/proxy_check/check_proxy.py -c -s http
[2019-05-23 20:15:18] [ INFO] [ utils ] - 待检测代理数量： 437 (check_proxy.py:33)
[2019-05-23 20:15:23] [ INFO] [ utils ] - 使用代理< http://5.202.192.146:8080 > 请求 < http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/pengjunlee/article/details/80919833 > 结果： 失败 (check_proxy.py:58)
[2019-05-23 20:15:28] [ INFO] [ utils ] - 使用代理< http://5.202.192.146:8080 > 请求 < http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/pengjunlee/article/details/81589972 > 结果： 失败 (check_proxy.py:58)
[2019-05-23 20:15:34] [ INFO] [ utils ] - 使用代理< http://5.202.192.146:8080 > 请求 < http://icanhazip.com > 结果： 失败 (check_proxy.py:58)
[2019-05-23 20:15:34] [ INFO] [ utils ] - 待检测代理数量： 436 (check_proxy.py:33)
[2019-05-23 20:15:35] [ INFO] [ utils ] - 使用代理< http://60.217.137.22:8060 > 请求 < http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/pengjunlee/article/details/80919833 > 结果： 成功 (check_proxy.py:63)
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