Linkage conventions

最新推荐文章于 2022-01-26 17:57:31 发布
转载 最新推荐文章于 2022-01-26 17:57:31 发布 · 502 阅读 · 0

本文介绍了程序间传递控制时必须遵循的寄存器和保存区链接约定，确保程序能够成功地从一个传递到另一个，并保持运行所需的寄存器内容和参数数据。

转自：http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/zos/v1r12/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.ibm.zos.r12.ieaa600%2Fchap2.htm

Linkage conventions are the register and save area conventions a program must follow when it receives control from another program or when it calls another program. It is important that all programs follow the linkage conventions described here to ensure that the programs can successfully pass control from one to the other while preserving register contents and parameter data that they need to run successfully.

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### Linkage in Programming or Software Development In the context of programming and software development, **linkage** refers to the process by which a linker resolves references between different object files or libraries. This is a critical step during the compilation of programs, particularly in languages like C and C++. The concept of linkage involves binding symbolic references (such as function names or variables) to their corresponding definitions across multiple translation units. The following concepts are essential when discussing linkage: 1. **Symbol Resolution**: During the linking phase, the linker identifies and resolves symbols that are declared in one file but defined in another. For instance, if a function `foo()` is declared in one source file and defined in another, the linker ensures these references align correctly[^2]. 2. **External vs. Internal Linkage**: - Symbols with **external linkage** are accessible across multiple translation units. This is typical for global variables and functions intended to be shared among different parts of a program. - Symbols with **internal linkage** are restricted to a single translation unit. These are often declared using the `static` keyword in C or C++[^4]. 3. **Dynamic Linking**: Dynamic linking allows shared libraries (or DLLs on Windows) to be loaded at runtime rather than being included in the final executable. This reduces the size of executables and promotes code reuse. The `.dynamic` section in ELF binaries plays a crucial role here, where tags like `DT_NEEDED` specify dependent libraries[^5]. 4. **Static Linking**: In contrast to dynamic linking, static linking embeds all necessary library code directly into the final executable. While this increases the size of the binary, it eliminates dependencies on external libraries at runtime[^3]. 5. **Name Mangling**: In C++, function overloading introduces the need for name mangling, a process that encodes additional information (such as parameter types) into the symbol name. This ensures that overloaded functions can coexist without naming conflicts during linkage[^2]. 6. **Weak Symbols**: Some linkers support weak symbols, which allow a symbol to have a default definition if no strong definition exists. This is useful for providing fallback implementations of functions or variables. ```c // Example of External and Internal Linkage in C // File: module1.c int global_variable = 10; // External linkage static int local_variable = 20; // Internal linkage void shared_function() { // Accessible from other files } // File: module2.c extern int global_variable; // Declaration with external linkage void use_shared_function() { shared_function(); // Calls the function defined in module1.c } ```
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