本文档提供了perf工具的详细使用说明，包括如何下载安装perf工具、测量Intel Offcore和Uncore事件的方法、如何获取低级别事件信息等内容。同时，还介绍了与perf_events API相关的常见问题解答，如如何确定内核是否支持perf_events等。
http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/witsmakemen/article/details/18562697
The perf utility
- Q1a. How can I download the perf utility?
- Q1b. I have a specific perf question.
- Q1c. How do I measure Intel Offcore events with perf?
- Q1d. How do I measure Intel Uncore events with perf?
- Q2a. Is there an official perf_events mailing list?
- Q2b. Is there good documentation for the perf events API?
- Q2c. How do I tell if my kernel has perf_event support?
- Q2d. How do I get unsupported features in my new CPU into the kernel?
- Q2e. How do I determine the proper "raw" event value to pass into perf when I want to use something other than the limited set of perf "generalized" events?
- Q2f. How do I use performance counters inside of the kernel?
- Q2g. Can I set specific counters to measure specific events with perf_event?
- Q2i. Can I use perf_events inside of a virtualized environment (such as KVM)?
- Q2j: How can I tell what low-level event the kernel uses for a "generalized" event?
- Q3a. Do you recommend using the PAPI perf_event substrate?
- Q3b. Are you some sort of troll who hates perf_events?
Q1a. How can I download the perf utility?
A1a. Initially to build perf you needed to download a full linux-kernel source (or git) development tree. This is because the perf utility code is not standalone, it includes code from the actual linux kernel source.
This was not very convenient, so work was done to make it a bit easier. Now that distributions are shipping kernels newer than 2.6.32 a lot of this pain has been taken away as pre-compiled packages are available.
On Debian and Ubuntu the package to install is called linux-tools-VER where VER is the kernel you are running. On Fedora/RedHat the package is called perf Note! on Debian/Ubuntu perf is actually a shell script that calls an executable based on the current kernel version ( i.e. perf_2.6.32). If you upgrade the kernel by hand you might have to run this executable directly or else get a nasty error about using a mismatched perf/kernel. (In general any perf executable should be backward compatible).
Q1b. I have a specific perf question.
A1b. I personally rarely use the perf utility except to verify that perf_events is installed and working. Any questions about the utility should be sent to the linux-perf-users mailing list (see question 2a).
Q1c. How do I measure Intel Offcore events with perf?
A1c. As of the Linux 3.6 release the perf documentation is very lacking in this area.
First be sure you have hardware that supports offcore (generally Intel Nehalem or newer). You also need a recent kernel, try Linux 3.6 or newer.
You need to find the values for the events you are interested in. libpfm4 can help with this. It will look something like:
perf stat -e cpu/cmask=1,event=2,umask=3,offcore_response=0x3f80408fff/ /bin/ls
Another way to do things is to find the values using libpfm4 check_events program as such:
$ check_events OFFCORE_RESPONSE_0:ANY_DATA:REMOTE_DRAM
Supported PMU models:
.........
Codes : 0x5301b7 0x2033
And you can then use the results in perf like this: perf stat -e cpu/config=0x5301b7,config1=0x2033,name=Remote_DRAM_Accesses/ ls
Q1d. How do I measure Intel Uncore events with perf?
A1d. As of the Linux 3.6 release the perf documentation is very lacking in this area.
First be sure you have hardware that supports uncore (generally Intel Nehalem or newer). AMD Northbridge events are handled similarly but have various more complicated issues (amd10h handled NB differently than newer chips, and there was a kernel ABI break at one point).
You also need a recent kernel, try Linux 3.6 or newer.
For uncore support you'll want to be sure that in the /sys/bus/event_source/devices/ directory there are some uncore PMUs.
The syntax for doing an uncore call is something like this:
./perf stat -a -e "uncore_imc_0/event=0xff,umask=0x00/" /bin/ls
You may need root privileges to access uncore events.
Q2a. Is there an official Perf Events mailing list?
A2a. Typically all Perf Events development happens on the main linux-kernel list with the appropriate maintainers cc'd. This makes it very difficult for anyone trying to do perf_event development who doesn't want to sift through a few thousand e-mails a week.
A mailing list called linux-perf-users exists but there is little traffic and it's mainly about the perf userspace tool.
Q2b. Is there good documentation for the perf events API?
A2b. Unfortunately there isn't much official documentation, and the documentation included with the perf tool is currently out of date. The "best" documentation is reading the kernel sources.
I have contributed a man page and some other documentation here .
Q2c. How do I tell if my kernel has perf_event support?
A2c. The official answer is to look for the file /proc/sys/kernel/perf_event_paranoid though that's only there in 2.6.32 and newer (it is called perf_counter_paranoid in 2.6.31). An old answer was to look for the /sys/devices/system/cpu/perf_events directory, but that was removed in the 2.6.37 kernel.
Q2d. How do I get unsupported features in my new CPU into the kernel?
A2d. Create patches that implement your functionality. Make sure these include support for the perf tool and some attempt at creating "generalized" events that use this feature, even if you don't plan on using them. Your patch will likely not be considered otherwise. ( See what happened when offcore event support neglected this ).
Send your patches to the linux-kernel list, CCing the maintainers listed for perf_events in the MAINTAINERS file.
Respond to any suggestions made by the developers.
If you're lucky your changes will be queued up for the next merge window, meaning your changes will be in a released kernel within the next 6 months to a year.
If you're unlucky your CPU will become obsolete before support is added.
Q2e. How do I determine the proper "raw" event value to pass into perf when I want to use something other than the limited set of perf "generalized" events?
A2e. A good solution (short of reading the hardware manuals and shifting the bits yourself) is to use libpfm4 .
The check_events and showevtinfo programs available in the examples subdirectory can give you the raw event code that you need.
Alternately, you can read the Intel Vol3b or AMD BKDG manuals and convert the names into hex bitfields yourself, but that's not much fun.
Q2f. How do I use performance counters inside of the kernel?
A2f. Be careful when doing this, as kernel usage of counters makes them unavailable for users trying to do performance analysis.
You can look how the watchdog_nmi_enable() function does it in the kernel/watchdog.c file in a recent linux kernel.
Q2g. Can I set specific counters to measure specific events with perf_event?
A2g. perf_event was specifically designed to hide from you which events end up in which counters.
You need to be careful when doing this, as the kernel could be grabbing counters, and some counters have constraints on which events can be measured in them.
In general, if you're not multiplexing, perf_event should be somewhat consistent about which PMC gets which event.
If you really must do this, you can look into perfctr or perfmon2, two different obsolete performance counter interfaces that existed before perf_event. They allowed this level of control over the counters. Their patches only apply to per-2.6.32 kernels though.
Q2i. Can I use perf_events inside of a virtualized environment (such as KVM)?
A2i. Yes, although the VM has to support it explicitly.
As of April 2012 you can get support on KVM if you use a Linux 3.3 kernel on the host, and a current git-snapshot of QEMU. Counter measurement works, overflow and profiling doesn't.
You can also measure the performance of the entire guest from the outside using the "kvm" options to the perf tool.
Q2j. How can I tell what low-level event the kernel uses for a "generalized" event?
A2j. On recent kernels kernels you can find this information using the /sys filesystem. For example, if you want to find out the parameters for the "instructions" event, you can cat /sys/devices/cpu/events/instructions and it will show you something like: event=0xc0 which you can look up in your chip's development manual for more information.
For older kernels it was not so easy. You needed to find the kernel source for the version of Linux you are running (it has to be an exact match too, as the definitions can and do change between kernel versions).
Then you need to dig around in the source code. For x86 chips, the files you want are in arch/x86/kernel/cpu/. For intel, look in perf_event_intel.c, for AMD look in perf_event_amd.c, etc.
Then you have to find the definitions for the chip you are running. For example, if it's a sandy bridge cache event, then look for snb_hw_cache_event_ids. Then scroll down for the event of interest. In this case, if you are interested in the perf::DTLB-LOAD-MISSES event, it will be with C(DTLB) / C(OP_READ) / C(RESULT_MISS), which maps to 0x0108. If you're lucky there will be a comment telling you want event this maps to (though you might have to dig out the architectural manuals to make sure there's not a typo, which also happens occasionally). In this case it listsDTLB_LOAD_MISSES.CAUSES_A_WALK.
Similar methodology can be used to find events on other architectures, although you might need to use grep to find out exactly which file has the definitions. You also might need to play around with the perf_event.h file to figure out which "generalized" names match to which #defines in the event arrays. And finally, you should verify using perf that the results you get using the event you think you figured out matches the one when using the generalized event.
Q3a. Do you recommend using the PAPI perf_event substrate?
A3a. The combination of PAPI 4.2 (or newer) and Linux 2.6.34 (or newer) can give you a reasonable PAPI experience.
Perfmon2 development stopped before Linux 2.6.30 and perfctr development has slowed, so perf_event might be your only option going forward.
Do note that the linux-kernel perf_event development is slow, so new processor support and new counting methodologies (such as uncore or LWP) can take years before they show up in a vendor kernel.
Q3b. Are you some sort of perfmon2 contributor troll who hates perf_events?
A3b. I think by this point I have had more code committed to the perf events tree than I ever did to the perfmon2 tree. My main disagreement with perf events (besides the re-inventing of the wheel involved that's cost me a lot of development time) is the current policy of putting event name mappings in the kernel. I believe this belongs in a user-space library that can be easily updated without a kernel upgrade. The main perf events developers strongly disagree.
Q4a. Does my CPU support perf_events?
A4a. See the CPU compatibility matrix here .
Q4b. Are counters supported on the Raspberry Pi?
A4b. As of 3.13, no. The Raspberry Pi does have counter hardware, but the PMU interrupt is not connected so perf_event does not enable the interface (in theory it could by setting up a timer and periodically polling the counters, but it doesn't).
If you are desperate you can use the kernel module here to access the counters, but it is not as full featured as perf_event.
I'm working on adding support, but the patches are slow in getting through the kernel.
Back to the unofficial perf_events page
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