FreeBSD5.4Release X Windows 安装笔记 (Freebsd5.4R+Gnome2.10.0)

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转载最新推荐文章于 2026-03-26 03:25:03 发布 3.4k 阅读 AI 写同款· GEO 优化 ›

笔记本实体机安装FreeBSD操作系统(KDE-Plasma5桌面环境+NVIDIA显卡驱动) 笔记本实体机安装FreeBSD操作系统1.绪论2.安装过程2.1 刻录FreeBSD启动U盘2.2 安装xorg服务以及nvidia显卡驱动程序2.3 安装sddm管理器以及KDE-plasma5桌面环境3.后续过程3.1 安装Konsole终端、Dolphin文件管理器3.2 安装C/C++以及python运行环境3.3 安装中文输入法参考 1.绪论 FreeBSD是一种类UNIX操作系统，是由经过BSD、386BSD和4.4BSD发展而来的Unix的一个重要分支。FreeBSD 为不同架构的计算机系统提阅读详情

机器配置：
核心：P4/1.7G
主板：MSI845
内存：金士顿256*2
硬盘：迈拓40G
显卡：ATI Radeon 7500
显板：Samsung SyncMaster 753DFX
声卡：Creative Sound Blaster Live！

一、安装FreeBSD5.4Release

从http://www.freebsd.org/releases/5.4R/announce.html选择一个FTP服务器下载，然后刻成光盘。接下来从光盘安装，我的几点选项：

1、选择软件包时选择最小化安装。
2、安装到ports时选择net-->cvsup，以便更新ports。

其它的都默认安装，具体可参考：http://www.freebsd.org.cn/snap/doc/zh_CN.GB2312/books/handbook/install-start.html，安装完后重启机器。

二、配置FreeBSD

1、配置/etc/rc.conf，我的rc.conf:

代码:

hostname="gjf.jscpu.com"
defaultrouter="192.168.20.254"
ifconfig_rl0="inet 192.168.121.250 netmask 255.255.255.0"
ifconfig_rl1="inet 192.168.20.1 netmask 255.255.255.0"
inetd_enable="YES"
linux_enable="YES"
moused_enable="YES"
#sshd_enable="YES"
#usbd_enable="YES"

2、配置/etc/resolv.conf，我的resolv.conf:

代码:

domain jscpu.com
nameserver 221.228.255.1
nameserver 218.2.135.1

完成后重启机器。

3、将光盘放入光驱中，安装ports和src

代码:

#/stand/sysinstall

然后选择Configure-->Distributions，然后利用空格键选择src和ports两项，点install，安装完成后重启机器。

4、启用ftp（后面上传文件用）

代码:

#cd /etc
# ee inetd.conf

将ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/libexec/ftpd ftpd -l一行的#号去掉。
保存后退出。

三、升级ports

代码:

#cp /usr/share/examples/cvsup/ports-supfile /etc/funpower
#cd /etc
# ee funpower

修改下面一行：
default host=cvsup2.FreeBSDChina.org
然后运行如下命令：

代码:

#cvsup -g -L 2 funpower

完成安装后重启机器。

四、配置内核文件

配置内核时每项说明可以参考这：http://people.freebsdchina.org/kinki/9.htm，配置中要加入对声卡的支持，关于如何安装声卡可以参考这：http://www.freebsd.org.cn/snap/doc/zh_CN.GB2312/books/handbook/sound-setup.html
下面是具体的操作：

代码:

#cd /sys/i386/conf
#cp GENERIC funpower
#ee funpower

我的内核文件如下：

代码:

#
# GENERIC -- Generic kernel configuration file for FreeBSD/i386
#
# For more information on this file, please read the handbook section on
# Kernel Configuration Files:
#
# http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/kernelconfig-config.html
#
# The handbook is also available locally in /usr/share/doc/handbook
# if you've installed the doc distribution, otherwise always see the
# FreeBSD World Wide Web server (http://www.FreeBSD.org/) for the
# latest information.
#
# An exhaustive list of options and more detailed explanations of the
# device lines is also present in the ../../conf/NOTES and NOTES files.
# If you are in doubt as to the purpose or necessity of a line, check first
# in NOTES.
#
# $FreeBSD: src/sys/i386/conf/GENERIC,v 1.413.2.13 2005/04/02 16:37:58 scottl Exp $

machine i386
cpu    I686_CPU
ident    funpower

# To statically compile in device wiring instead of /boot/device.hints
#hints    "GENERIC.hints"    # Default places to look for devices.

options SCHED_4BSD    # 4BSD scheduler
options INET       # InterNETworking
options INET6       # IPv6 communications protocols
options FFS       # Berkeley Fast Filesystem
options SOFTUPDATES    # Enable FFS soft updates support
options UFS_ACL       # Support for access control lists
options UFS_DIRHASH    # Improve performance on big directories
options MD_ROOT       # MD is a potential root device
options NFSCLIENT    # Network Filesystem Client
options NFSSERVER    # Network Filesystem Server
options NFS_ROOT    # NFS usable as /, requires NFSCLIENT
options MSDOSFS       # MSDOS Filesystem
options CD9660       # ISO 9660 Filesystem
options PROCFS       # Process filesystem (requires PSEUDOFS)
options PSEUDOFS    # Pseudo-filesystem framework
options GEOM_GPT    # GUID Partition Tables.
options COMPAT_43    # Compatible with BSD 4.3 [KEEP THIS!]
options COMPAT_FREEBSD4    # Compatible with FreeBSD4
options SCSI_DELAY=15000 # Delay (in ms) before probing SCSI
options KTRACE       # ktrace(1) support
options SYSVSHM       # SYSV-style shared memory
options SYSVMSG    #
# GENERIC -- Generic kernel configuration file for FreeBSD/i386
#
# For more information on this file, please read the handbook section on
# Kernel Configuration Files:
#
# http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/kernelconfig-config.html
#
# The handbook is also available locally in /usr/share/doc/handbook
# if you've installed the doc distribution, otherwise always see the
# FreeBSD World Wide Web server (http://www.FreeBSD.org/) for the
# latest information.
#
# An exhaustive list of options and more detailed explanations of the
# device lines is also present in the ../../conf/NOTES and NOTES files.
# If you are in doubt as to the purpose or necessity of a line, check first
# in NOTES.
#
# $FreeBSD: src/sys/i386/conf/GENERIC,v 1.413.2.13 2005/04/02 16:37:58 scottl Exp $

machine    i386
cpu    I686_CPU
ident    funpower

# To statically compile in device wiring instead of /boot/device.hints
#hints    "GENERIC.hints"    # Default places to look for devices.

options SCHED_4BSD    # 4BSD scheduler
options INET       # InterNETworking
options INET6       # IPv6 communications protocols
options FFS       # Berkeley Fast Filesystem
options SOFTUPDATES    # Enable FFS soft updates support
options UFS_ACL       # Support for access control lists
options UFS_DIRHASH       # SYSV-style message queues
options SYSVSEM       # SYSV-style semaphores
options _KPOSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING # POSIX P1003_1B real-time extensions
options KBD_INSTALL_CDEV # install a CDEV entry in /dev
options AHC_REG_PRETTY_PRINT # Print register bitfields in debug
            # output. Adds ~128k to driver.
options AHD_REG_PRETTY_PRINT # Print register bitfields in debug
            # output. Adds ~215k to driver.
options ADAPTIVE_GIANT    # Giant mutex is adaptive.

device    apic       # I/O APIC

# Bus support. Do not remove isa, even if you have no isa slots
device    isa
device    eisa
device    pci

# Floppy drives
#device    fdc

# ATA and ATAPI devices
device    ata
device    atadisk    # ATA disk drives
#device    ataraid    # ATA RAID drives
device    atapicd    # ATAPI CDROM drives
#device    atapifd    # ATAPI floppy drives
#device    atapist    # ATAPI tape drives
options ATA_STATIC_ID # Static device numbering

#加载声卡
device sound
device "snd_emu10k1"

# SCSI Controllers
#device    ahb    # EISA AHA1742 family
#device    ahc    # AHA2940 and onboard AIC7xxx devices
#device    ahd    # AHA39320/29320 and onboard AIC79xx devices
#device    amd    # AMD 53C974 (Tekram DC-390(T))
#device    isp    # Qlogic family
#device    mpt    # LSI-Logic MPT-Fusion
#device    ncr    # NCR/Symbios Logic
#device    sym    # NCR/Symbios Logic (newer chipsets + those of `ncr')
#device    trm    # Tekram DC395U/UW/F DC315U adapters

#device    adv    # Advansys SCSI adapters
#device    adw    # Advansys wide SCSI adapters
#device    aha    # Adaptec 154x SCSI adapters
#device    aic    # Adaptec 15[012]x SCSI adapters, AIC-6[23]60.
#device    bt    # Buslogic/Mylex MultiMaster SCSI adapters

#device    ncv    # NCR 53C500
#device    nsp    # Workbit Ninja SCSI-3
#device    stg    # TMC 18C30/18C50

# SCSI peripherals
#device    scbus    # SCSI bus (required for SCSI)
#device    ch    # SCSI media changers
#device    da    # Direct Access (disks)
#device    sa    # Sequential Access (tape etc)
#device    cd    # CD
#device    pass    # Passthrough device (direct SCSI access)
#device    ses    # SCSI Environmental Services (and SAF-TE)

# RAID controllers interfaced to the SCSI subsystem
#device    amr    # AMI MegaRAID
#device    arcmsr    # Areca SATA II RAID
#device    asr    # DPT SmartRAID V, VI and Adaptec SCSI RAID
#device    ciss    # Compaq Smart RAID 5*
#device    dpt    # DPT Smartcache III, IV - See NOTES for options
#device    hptmv    # Highpoint RocketRAID 182x
#device    iir    # Intel Integrated RAID
#device    ips    # IBM (Adaptec) ServeRAID
#device    mly    # Mylex AcceleRAID/eXtremeRAID
#device    twa    # 3ware 9000 series PATA/SATA RAID

# RAID controllers
#device    aac    # Adaptec FSA RAID
#device    aacp    # SCSI passthrough for aac (requires CAM)
#device    ida    # Compaq Smart RAID
#device    mlx    # Mylex DAC960 family
#device    pst    # Promise Supertrak SX6000
#device    twe    # 3ware ATA RAID

# atkbdc0 controls both the keyboard and the PS/2 mouse
device    atkbdc    # AT keyboard controller
device    atkbd    # AT keyboard
device    psm    # PS/2 mouse

device    vga    # VGA video card driver

device    splash    # Splash screen and screen saver support

# syscons is the default console driver, resembling an SCO console
device    sc

# Enable this for the pcvt (VT220 compatible) console driver
#device    vt
#options XSERVER    # support for X server on a vt console
#options FAT_CURSOR # start with block cursor

device    agp    # support several AGP chipsets

# Floating point support - do not disable.
device    npx

# Power management support (see NOTES for more options)
#device    apm
# Add suspend/resume support for the i8254.
device    pmtimer

# PCCARD (PCMCIA) support
# PCMCIA and cardbus bridge support
#device    cbb    # cardbus (yenta) bridge
#device    pccard    # PC Card (16-bit) bus
#device    cardbus    # CardBus (32-bit) bus

# Serial (COM) ports
device    sio    # 8250, 16[45]50 based serial ports

# Parallel port
device    ppc
device    ppbus    # Parallel port bus (required)
device    lpt    # Printer
device    plip    # TCP/IP over parallel
device    ppi    # Parallel port interface device
#device    vpo    # Requires scbus and da

# If you've got a "dumb" serial or parallel PCI card that is
# supported by the puc(4) glue driver, uncomment the following
# line to enable it (connects to the sio and/or ppc drivers):
#device puc

# PCI Ethernet NICs.
device    de    # DEC/Intel DC21x4x (``Tulip'')
device    em    # Intel PRO/1000 adapter Gigabit Ethernet Card
device    ixgb    # Intel PRO/10GbE Ethernet Card
device    txp    # 3Com 3cR990 (``Typhoon'')
device    vx    # 3Com 3c590, 3c595 (``Vortex'')

# PCI Ethernet NICs that use the common MII bus controller code.
# NOTE: Be sure to keep the 'device miibus' line in order to use these NICs!
device    miibus    # MII bus support
#device    bfe    # Broadcom BCM440x 10/100 Ethernet
#device    bge    # Broadcom BCM570xx Gigabit Ethernet
#device    dc    # DEC/Intel 21143 and various workalikes
#device    fxp    # Intel EtherExpress PRO/100B (82557, 82558)
#device    lge    # Level 1 LXT1001 gigabit ethernet
#device    nge    # NatSemi DP83820 gigabit ethernet
#device    pcn    # AMD Am79C97x PCI 10/100 (precedence over 'lnc')
#device    re    # RealTek 8139C+/8169/8169S/8110S
device    rl    # RealTek 8129/8139
#device    sf    # Adaptec AIC-6915 (``Starfire'')
#device    sis    # Silicon Integrated Systems SiS 900/SiS 7016
#device    sk    # SysKonnect SK-984x & SK-982x gigabit Ethernet
#device    ste    # Sundance ST201 (D-Link DFE-550TX)
#device    ti    # Alteon Networks Tigon I/II gigabit Ethernet
#device    tl    # Texas Instruments ThunderLAN
#device    tx    # SMC EtherPower II (83c170 ``EPIC'')
device    vge    # VIA VT612x gigabit ethernet
device    vr    # VIA Rhine, Rhine II
#device    wb    # Winbond W89C840F
device    xl    # 3Com 3c90x (``Boomerang'', ``Cyclone'')

# ISA Ethernet NICs. pccard NICs included.
#device    cs    # Crystal Semiconductor CS89x0 NIC
# 'device ed' requires 'device miibus'
device    ed    # NE[12]000, SMC Ultra, 3c503, DS8390 cards
device    ex    # Intel EtherExpress Pro/10 and Pro/10+
device    ep    # Etherlink III based cards
device    fe    # Fujitsu MB8696x based cards
device    ie    # EtherExpress 8/16, 3C507, StarLAN 10 etc.
device    lnc    # NE2100, NE32-VL Lance Ethernet cards
device    sn    # SMC's 9000 series of Ethernet chips
device    xe    # Xircom pccard Ethernet

# ISA devices that use the old ISA shims
#device    le

# Wireless NIC cards
device    wlan    # 802.11 support
device    an    # Aironet 4500/4800 802.11 wireless NICs.
device    awi    # BayStack 660 and others
device    wi    # WaveLAN/Intersil/Symbol 802.11 wireless NICs.
#device    wl    # Older non 802.11 Wavelan wireless NIC.

# Pseudo devices.
device    loop    # Network loopback
device    mem    # Memory and kernel memory devices
device    io    # I/O device
device    random    # Entropy device
device    ether    # Ethernet support
#device    sl    # Kernel SLIP
#device    ppp    # Kernel PPP
device    tun    # Packet tunnel.
device    pty    # Pseudo-ttys (telnet etc)
device    md    # Memory "disks"
device    gif    # IPv6 and IPv4 tunneling
device    faith    # IPv6-to-IPv4 relaying (translation)

# The `bpf' device enables the Berkeley Packet Filter.
# Be aware of the administrative consequences of enabling this!
# Note that 'bpf' is required for DHCP.
device    bpf    # Berkeley packet filter

# USB support
#device    uhci    # UHCI PCI->USB interface
#device    ohci    # OHCI PCI->USB interface
#device    ehci    # EHCI PCI->USB interface (USB 2.0)
#device    usb    # USB Bus (required)
#device    udbp    # USB Double Bulk Pipe devices
#device    ugen    # Generic
#device    uhid    # "Human Interface Devices"
#device    ukbd    # Keyboard
#device    ulpt    # Printer
#device    umass    # Disks/Mass storage - Requires scbus and da
#device    ums    # Mouse
#device    urio    # Diamond Rio 500 MP3 player
#device    uscanner # Scanners
# USB Ethernet, requires mii
#device    aue    # ADMtek USB Ethernet
#device    axe    # ASIX Electronics USB Ethernet
#device    cdce    # Generic USB over Ethernet
#device    cue    # CATC USB Ethernet
#device    kue    # Kawasaki LSI USB Ethernet
#device    rue    # RealTek RTL8150 USB Ethernet

# FireWire support
#device    firewire # FireWire bus code
#device    sbp    # SCSI over FireWire (Requires scbus and da)
#device    fwe    # Ethernet over FireWire (non-standard!)

编辑好funpower后开始编译安装内核：

代码:

#/usr/sbin/config funpower
#cd ../../compile/funpower
#make depend
#make
#make intall

编译安装完成后重启机器。

五、安装Xorg和Gnome

为了安装方便，将1号和2号光盘的Packages文件夹的软件全部COPY到/usr/soft中：

代码:

#mkdir /usr/soft
#mount /cdrom
#cd /cdrom
#cp -R * /usr/soft

通过上面的方法将2号盘的Packages也拷入/usr/soft中。

接下来开始安装:

代码:

#cd /usr/soft
#pkg_add xorg-6.8.2.tbz //freebsd5.3之后都用xrog,不用XFree86了
#pkg_add gnome2-2.10.0.tbz

完成安装后重启机器。

六、配置xorg.conf

代码:

#cd /usr/X11R6/bin
#./xorgcfg -textmode

根据自己的硬件配置每个选项，然后选择最后第二项Write xorg.conf and quit，然后出现一个对话框问你是否将配置文件copy到/etc/X11目录中，选择OK。

然后编辑/etc/X11/xorg.conf的Section”Input Device”，使支持鼠标的滚轮：

代码:

#cd /etc/X11
#ee xorg.conf

代码:

Section "InputDevice"
Identifier "Mouse0"
Driver "mouse"
Option "Protocol" "Auto"
Option "Emulate3Buttons"
Option "Device" "/dev/sysmouse"
Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5"
EndSection

我的xorg.conf:

代码:

Section "ServerLayout"
Identifier "Layout0"
Screen 0 "Screen0" 0 0
InputDevice "Keyboard0" "CoreKeyboard"
InputDevice "Mouse0" "CorePointer"
EndSection

Section "Files"
EndSection

Section "Module"
Load "freetype"
# Load "xtt"
Load "extmod"
Load "glx"
Load "dri"
Load "dbe"
Load "record"
Load "xtrap"
Load "type1"
Load "speedo"
EndSection

Section "InputDevice"
Identifier "Mouse0"
Driver "mouse"
Option "Protocol" "Auto"
Option "Emulate3Buttons"
Option "Device" "/dev/sysmouse"
Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5"
EndSection

Section "InputDevice"
Identifier "Keyboard0"
Driver "keyboard"
Option "XkbModel" "pc101"
Option "XkbLayout" "us"
EndSection

Section "Monitor"
Identifier "Monitor0"
### Uncomment if you don't want to default to DDC:
# HorizSync 30 - 107
# VertRefresh 48 - 120
EndSection

Section "Device"
Identifier "Card0"
Driver "ati"
EndSection

Section "Screen"
Identifier "Screen0"
Device "Card0"
Monitor "Monitor0"
DefaultDepth 24
SubSection "Display"
Viewport 0 0
Depth 24
Modes "1152x864"
EndSubSection
EndSection

七、配置.xinitrc

使X Windows启动时默认的桌面系统为Gnome

代码:

#echo “/usr/X11R6/bin/gnome-session” > ~/.xinitrc

八、运行X Windows

#startx

进入Gnome桌面系统，下面开始中文化和美化桌面Gnome.

注：这里可能会有两个提示错误，一个是说系统的hostname找不到映射，编辑/etc/hosts中，将下面一行：
192.168.20.1 gjf gjf.jscpu.com
加入其中。另一个是系统未找到声卡的驱动，你需重新安装声卡驱卡，具体见这：http://www.freebsd.org.cn/snap/doc/zh_CN.GB2312/books/handbook/sound-setup.html

九、中文化及美化

1、中文化Gnome

编辑.cshrc文件：

代码:

#cd ~
#ee .cshrc

加入下面内容：

代码:

setenv LANG zh_CN.eucCN
setenv LC_LANG zh_CN.eucCN

保存后退出。

2、美化Gnome字体

通过ftp将windows下的SimSun.ttc和Tahoma.ttf拷贝到/var/ftp/incoming中。然后做如下操作：

代码:

#mkdir /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType/
#cd /var/ftp/incoming
#cp * /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType/

重启机器，登陆后运行startx，进入Gnome，没出错的话这时已经是中文版了，只是字体难看些，下面设置字体：点击[桌面]-->[首选项]-->[字体]，将字体全部换成SimSun，字体大小为10，然后点[细节]选项，[平滑]选无，[微调]选轻微，[次像素顺序]选RGB。保存后关闭对话框。

十、安装常用软件

1、输入法：小企鹅输入法

代码:

#cd /usr/ports/chinese/fcitx
#make install clean

完成安装后进行配置：

配置.cshrc

代码:

#cd ~
#ee .cshrc

加入下面一行：

代码:

setenv XMODIFIERS @im=fcitx

保存后退出。

配置.xinitrc

代码:

# ee xinitrc

在/usr/X11R6/bin/gnome-session的上面一行加入（不能放在它下面一行，否则不能启动）：

代码:

exec fcitx &

保存后退出。

退出Gnome，然后再startx，这时就能看到企鹅输入法了。

2、网页浏览器：firefox

代码:

#cd /usr/ports/www/firefox
#make install clean

3、即时通讯工具（包括OICQ）：gaim-openq

代码:

#cd /usr/ports/net/gaim-openq
#make install clean

4、MP3播放器：Xmms

代码:

#cd /usr/ports/multimedia/xmms
#make install clean

1) xmms菜单栏乱码解决方法：

代码:

#ee .gtkrc.mine //没有这个文件也这样操作

加入如下内容：

代码:

style "gtk-default-zh-cn" {
fontset = "-*-simsun-medium-r-normal--12-*-*-*-*-*-iso8859-1,/
-*-simsun-medium-r-normal--12-*-*-*-*-*-gb2312.1980-0,*-r-*"
}
class "GtkWidget" style "gtk-default-zh-cn"

代码:

#ee ~/.xmms/config

将playlist_font和mainwin_font换成如下内容：

代码:

playlist_font="-misc-simsun-medium-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-p-*-gb2312.1980-0",*-r-*
use_fontsets=FALSE
mainwin_use_xfont=FALSE
mainwin_font="-misc-simsun-medium-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-p-*-gb2312.1980-0"

2) xmms播放列表解决方法：

打开xmms，然后，[首选项]-->[字体]-->[播放清单“浏览”]-->[filter]-->charset中选择gb2312.1980-0，然后在播放清单选项中的"-misc-simsun-medium-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-p-*-gb2312.1980-0"的未尾加上*-r-*，最后变成："-misc-simsun-medium-r-normal-*-*-120-*-*-p-*-gb2312.1980-0",*-r-*
保存后退出。

5、播放器：realplay10.0

从http://www.real.com/linux/点击download realplay下载RealPlayer10GOLD.bin至桌面。进行如下操作：

代码:

#cd ~/Desktop
#chmod a+x RealPlay10GOLD.bin
#./RealPlay10GOLD.bin

然后根据提示完成安装。

6、文档处理：OpenOffice

代码:

#cd /usr/ports/chinese/openoffice-1.1-zh-CN
#make install clean

1) 安装期间需要三个包的支持：

(1) bsd-jdk14-patches-7.tar.gz

下载地址：http://www.eyesbeyond.com/freebsddom/java/jdk14.html
下载完后copy到/usr/ports/distfiles中。然后再次运行make install clean。

(2) j2sdk-1_4_2-src.scsl.zip

下载地址：http://www.sun.com/software/communitysource/j2se/java2/download.xml
下载完后copy到/usr/ports/distfiles中。然后再次运行make install clean。

(3) j2sdk-1_4_2_07-linux-i586.bin

下载地址：http://javashoplm.sun.com/ECom/docs/Welcome.jsp?StoreId=22&PartDetailId=j2sdk-1.4.2_07-oth-JPR&SiteId=JSC&TransactionId=noreg
下载完后copy到/usr/ports/distfiles中。然后再次运行make install clean。

2) 中文化openoffice

将/var/ftp/incoming的SimSun.ttc和Tahoma.ttf拷贝到/usr/local/OpenOffice1.1.4/share/fonts/truetype/

3) 启动OpenOffice

代码:

#cd ~/OpenOffice.org1.1.4
#./soffice

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