oracle之初体验-rman命令（二）

这里主要进行rman对表空间、数据文件、控制文件、归档日志文件的备份

1、表空间的备份
  只要实例启动并处于加载状态，无论数据库是否打开，都可以在rman中对表空间进行备份，如下命令：
  RMAN> backup tablespace RHF_STUDY1;

  Starting backup at 21-MAY-13
  using channel ORA_DISK_1
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
  channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
  input datafile fno=00005 name=/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/study_data01.dbf
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  piece handle=/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2013_05_21/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20130521T021451_8snt0vw7_.bkp tag=TAG20130521T021451 comment=NONE
  channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:03
  Finished backup at 21-MAY-13
  
  同样可以备份到指定位置：
  RMAN>  backup tablespace RHF_STUDY1 format '/opt/backup/bak_%U.bak';

  Starting backup at 21-MAY-13
  using channel ORA_DISK_1
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
  channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
  input datafile fno=00005 name=/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/study_data01.dbf
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  piece handle=/opt/backup/bak_06oa5dgi_1_1.bak tag=TAG20130521T021650 comment=NONE
  channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
  Finished backup at 21-MAY-13
  
  可以通过list backup 命令查看备份的表空间信息：
  RMAN> list backup of tablespace RHF_STUDY1;

  List of Backup Sets
  ===================
  
  BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
  ------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
  1       Full    370.65M    DISK        00:00:31     21-MAY-13     
          BP Key: 1   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20130521T005056
          Piece Name: /opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2013_05_21/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20130521T005056_8sno3jks_.bkp
    List of Datafiles in backup set 1
    File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name
    ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
    5       Full 275562     21-MAY-13 /opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/study_data01.dbf
  
  BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
  ------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
  3       Full    370.65M    DISK        00:00:34     21-MAY-13     
          BP Key: 3   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20130521T005539
          Piece Name: /opt/backup/bak_03oa58ob_1_1
    List of Datafiles in backup set 3
    File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name
    ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
    5       Full 275762     21-MAY-13 /opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/study_data01.dbf
  
  BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
  ------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
  5       Full    344.00K    DISK        00:00:02     21-MAY-13     
          BP Key: 5   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20130521T021451
          Piece Name: /opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2013_05_21/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20130521T021451_8snt0vw7_.bkp
    List of Datafiles in backup set 5
    File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name
    ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
    5       Full 278624     21-MAY-13 /opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/study_data01.dbf
  
  BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
  ------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
  6       Full    344.00K    DISK        00:00:00     21-MAY-13     
          BP Key: 6   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20130521T021650
          Piece Name: /opt/backup/bak_06oa5dgi_1_1.bak
    List of Datafiles in backup set 6
    File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time  Name
    ---- -- ---- ---------- --------- ----
    5       Full 278974     21-MAY-13 /opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/study_data01.dbf
   
2、数据文件的备份
  有两种方式指定要备份的数据文件，分别是数据文件的名称（即数据文件的详细路径）和file_id，这两项都可以通过dba_data_files中查询出来，如下：
  
  SQL> select file_id,file_name from dba_data_files;
  
     FILE_ID FILE_NAME
  ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
           1 /opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_system_8sb04sh7_.dbf
           2 /opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_undotbs1_8sb05c7y_.dbf
           3 /opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_8sb05p5d_.dbf
           4 /opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_users_8sb06dqc_.dbf
           5 /opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/study_data01.dbf
          
  通过file_id备份：
  RMAN> backup datafile 5;

  Starting backup at 21-MAY-13
  using channel ORA_DISK_1
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
  channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
  input datafile fno=00005 name=/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/study_data01.dbf
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  piece handle=/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2013_05_21/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20130521T022558_8sntoq2n_.bkp tag=TAG20130521T022558 comment=NONE
  channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
  Finished backup at 21-MAY-13
  
  通过file_name备份：
  RMAN> backup datafile '/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/study_data01.dbf';

  Starting backup at 21-MAY-13
  using channel ORA_DISK_1
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
  channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
  input datafile fno=00005 name=/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/study_data01.dbf
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  piece handle=/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2013_05_21/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20130521T022709_8sntqx7v_.bkp tag=TAG20130521T022709 comment=NONE
  channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
  Finished backup at 21-MAY-13
  
  查看备份信息：
  RMAN>list backup of datafile 5；
  或者
  RMAN>list backup of datafile '/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/study_data01.dbf';
   
3、控制文件的备份
  在rman中对数据文件的备份方式比较灵活，有以下几种方式：
  1）手动执行备份命令，如下：
  RMAN> backup current controlfile;

  Starting backup at 21-MAY-13
  using channel ORA_DISK_1
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
  channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
  including current control file in backupset
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  piece handle=/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2013_05_21/o1_mf_ncnnf_TAG20130521T023541_8snv7xtz_.bkp tag=TAG20130521T023541 comment=NONE
  channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
  Finished backup at 21-MAY-13
  
  2）执行backup命令时指定INCLUDE CURRENT CONTROLFILE字句，如下：
  RMAN> backup database include current controlfile;

  Starting backup at 21-MAY-13
  using channel ORA_DISK_1
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
  channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
  input datafile fno=00001 name=/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_system_8sb04sh7_.dbf
  input datafile fno=00002 name=/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_undotbs1_8sb05c7y_.dbf
  input datafile fno=00003 name=/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_sysaux_8sb05p5d_.dbf
  input datafile fno=00005 name=/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/study_data01.dbf
  input datafile fno=00004 name=/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_users_8sb06dqc_.dbf
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  piece handle=/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2013_05_21/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20130521T024836_8snw04fb_.bkp tag=TAG20130521T024836 comment=NONE
  channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:36
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
  channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
  including current control file in backupset
  including current SPFILE in backupset
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  piece handle=/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2013_05_21/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20130521T024836_8snw192f_.bkp tag=TAG20130521T024836 comment=NONE
  channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:02
  Finished backup at 21-MAY-13
 
  3）备份system表空间时数据库会触发控制文件的自动备份（因为此前备份信息较多，因此我将前面的备份信息都删除了，删除命令会在下篇介绍，请稍等！）
  RMAN> backup datafile 1;

  Starting backup at 21-MAY-13
  using channel ORA_DISK_1
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
  channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
  input datafile fno=00001 name=/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCL/datafile/o1_mf_system_8sb04sh7_.dbf
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  piece handle=/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2013_05_21/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20130521T063608_8so9brdj_.bkp tag=TAG20130521T063608 comment=NONE
  channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:15
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
  channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
  including current control file in backupset
  including current SPFILE in backupset
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  piece handle=/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2013_05_21/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20130521T063608_8so9c8q3_.bkp tag=TAG20130521T063608 comment=NONE
  channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:02
  Finished backup at 21-MAY-13

  
  4）通过CONFIGURE 命令将CONTROLFILE AUTOBACK置为on后rman做任何备份操作都会自动对控制文件进行备份
  RMAN> configure controlfile autobackup on;

  new RMAN configuration parameters:
  CONFIGURE CONTROLFILE AUTOBACKUP ON;
  new RMAN configuration parameters are successfully stored 
  
    查看备份的控制文件，命令如下：
    RMAN> list backup of controlfile;

    List of Backup Sets
    ===================
  
    BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
    ------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
    13      Full    6.80M      DISK        00:00:02     21-MAY-13     
          BP Key: 13   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20130521T063608
          Piece Name: /opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2013_05_21/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20130521T063608_8so9c8q3_.bkp
     Control File Included: Ckp SCN: 300503       Ckp time: 21-MAY-13
   
4、归档文件的备份
  归档文件对于数据库介质恢复相当关键，只要拥有相应的归档日志文件，就能确保我们将数据库恢复到备份之后的任意时刻。在rman中备份归档
  文件有以下两种方式：
  1）利用BACKUP ARCHIVELOG命令备份
  RMAN> backup archivelog all;

  Starting backup at 21-MAY-13
  current log archived
  using channel ORA_DISK_1
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archive log backupset
  channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archive log(s) in backup set
  input archive log thread=1 sequence=11 recid=1 stamp=815858044
  input archive log thread=1 sequence=12 recid=2 stamp=815941814
  input archive log thread=1 sequence=13 recid=3 stamp=815958978
  input archive log thread=1 sequence=14 recid=4 stamp=815985118
  input archive log thread=1 sequence=15 recid=5 stamp=815986772
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  piece handle=/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2013_05_21/o1_mf_annnn_TAG20130521T065932_8sobpos5_.bkp tag=TAG20130521T065932 comment=NONE
  channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:08
  Finished backup at 21-MAY-13   
  
  BACKUP ARCHIVELOG命令比较灵活，all是指备份当前所有可访问到的归档文件，还可以通过until、scn、time、sequence等参数指定要备份的归档区间。
  
  2）执行backup命令时指定plus archivelog字句，如下：
  RMAN> backup current controlfile plus archivelog;

  Starting backup at 21-MAY-13
  current log archived
  using channel ORA_DISK_1
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archive log backupset
  channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archive log(s) in backup set
  input archive log thread=1 sequence=11 recid=1 stamp=815858044
  input archive log thread=1 sequence=12 recid=2 stamp=815941814
  input archive log thread=1 sequence=13 recid=3 stamp=815958978
  input archive log thread=1 sequence=14 recid=4 stamp=815985118
  input archive log thread=1 sequence=15 recid=5 stamp=815986772
  input archive log thread=1 sequence=16 recid=6 stamp=815987112
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  piece handle=/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2013_05_21/o1_mf_annnn_TAG20130521T070512_8soc1b13_.bkp tag=TAG20130521T070512 comment=NONE
  channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:04
  Finished backup at 21-MAY-13
  
  Starting backup at 21-MAY-13
  using channel ORA_DISK_1
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backupset
  channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
  including current control file in backupset
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  piece handle=/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2013_05_21/o1_mf_ncnnf_TAG20130521T070517_8soc1fb0_.bkp tag=TAG20130521T070517 comment=NONE
  channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
  Finished backup at 21-MAY-13
  
  Starting backup at 21-MAY-13
  current log archived
  using channel ORA_DISK_1
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archive log backupset
  channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archive log(s) in backup set
  input archive log thread=1 sequence=17 recid=7 stamp=815987118
  channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 21-MAY-13
  piece handle=/opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2013_05_21/o1_mf_annnn_TAG20130521T070518_8soc1hhp_.bkp tag=TAG20130521T070518 comment=NONE
  channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:02
  Finished backup at 21-MAY-13
  
  这条命令指的是在备份控制文件之前备份所有的归档文件。
  
  backup ... plus archivelog 命令在备份过程中依次执行如下步骤：
  （1）运行alter system archive log current语句对当前的redolog进行归档；
  （2）执行backup archivelog all命令备份所有已归档的日志；
  （3）执行backup命令备份指定项；
  （4）再次运行alter system archive log current语句对当前的redolog进行归档；
  （5）对新生成的尚未备份的归档文件进行备份。
  
  查看归档文件的备份信息：
  RMAN> list backup of archivelog all;
  
  List of Backup Sets
  ===================
  
  BS Key  Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time
  ------- ---------- ----------- ------------ ---------------
  14      84.19M     DISK        00:00:06     21-MAY-13     
          BP Key: 14   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20130521T065932
          Piece Name: /opt/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2013_05_21/o1_mf_annnn_TAG20130521T065932_8sobpos5_.bkp
  
    List of Archived Logs in backup set 14
    Thrd Seq     Low SCN    Low Time  Next SCN   Next Time
    ---- ------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------
    1    11      166984     17-MAY-13 200557     19-MAY-13
    1    12      200557     19-MAY-13 241939     20-MAY-13
    1    13      241939     20-MAY-13 268961     20-MAY-13
    1    14      268961     20-MAY-13 300240     21-MAY-13
    1    15      300240     21-MAY-13 301521     21-MAY-13