基本命令练习

Shell基本命令练习

1、显示/etc目录下所有以l开头，以一个小写字母结尾，且中间出现至少一位数字的文件或目录列表（提前创建符合特征文件或目录）

[14:27:16 root@cocky86 etc]$ls -d /etc/l*[0-9]*[a-z]
/etc/l1bc  /etc/l345abc  /etc/labc123abc

2、显示/etc目录下以任意一位数字开头，且以非数字结尾的文件或目录列表

[14:39:26 root@cocky86 /]$ls -d /etc/[0-9]*[^0-9]
/etc/123ab  /etc/123abc.t  /etc/456abc1.t

3、显示/etc/目录下以非字母开头，后面跟了一个字母及其它任意长度任意字符的文件或目录列表

[14:40:52 root@cocky86 /]$ls -d /etc/[^a-zA-Z]*[a-zA-Z]*
/etc/123ab  /etc/123abc.t  /etc/456abc1.t

4、显示/etc/目录下所有以rc开头，并后面是0-6之间的数字，其它为任意字符的文件或目录列表

[14:43:56 root@cocky86 /]$ls /etc/rc[0-6]*
/etc/rc0.d:

/etc/rc1.d:

/etc/rc2.d:

/etc/rc3.d:

/etc/rc4.d:

/etc/rc5.d:

/etc/rc6.d:

##
[14:44:42 root@cocky86 /]$ls /etc/rc[{0..6}]*
/etc/rc0.d:

/etc/rc1.d:

/etc/rc2.d:

/etc/rc3.d:

/etc/rc4.d:

/etc/rc5.d:

/etc/rc6.d:

##
[14:45:01 root@cocky86 /]$ls /etc/rc{0..6}*
/etc/rc0.d:

/etc/rc1.d:

/etc/rc2.d:

/etc/rc3.d:

/etc/rc4.d:

/etc/rc5.d:

/etc/rc6.d:

5、显示/etc目录下，所有.conf结尾，且以m,n,r,p开头的文件或目录列表

[14:45:18 root@cocky86 /]$ls /etc/[m,n,r,p]*.conf
/etc/man_db.conf  /etc/mtools.conf  /etc/nfsmount.conf  /etc/pbm2ppa.conf  /etc/request-key.conf  /etc/rsyslog.conf
/etc/mke2fs.conf  /etc/nfs.conf     /etc/nsswitch.conf  /etc/pnm2ppa.conf  /etc/resolv.conf

6、只显示/root下的隐藏文件和目录列表

[14:51:41 root@cocky86 /]$ls -d root/.*
root/.   root/.bash_logout   root/.bashrc  root/.certs   root/.cshrc  root/.lesshst  root/.viminfo
root/..  root/.bash_profile  root/.cache   root/.config  root/.dbus   root/.tcshrc root/.Xauthority

7、只显示/etc下的非隐藏目录列表

[14:55:35 root@cocky86 /]$ls -d /etc/*/
/etc/123ab/              /etc/dnf/            /etc/l345abc/         /etc/pkcs11/          /etc/sgml/
/etc/accountsservice/    /etc/dnsmasq.d/      /etc/ld.so.conf.d/    /etc/pki/             /etc/skel/
/etc/alsa/               /etc/dracut.conf.d/  /etc/libblockdev/     /etc/plymouth/        /etc/smartmontools/
/etc/alternatives/       /etc/egl/            /etc/libibverbs.d/    /etc/pm/              /etc/sos/
/etc/anaconda/           /etc/exports.d/      /etc/libnl/           /etc/polkit-1/        /etc/speech-dispatcher/
/etc/audit/              /etc/firefox/        /etc/libpaper.d/      /etc/popt.d/          /etc/ssh/
/etc/authselect/         /etc/firewalld/      /etc/libreport/       /etc/postfix/         /etc/ssl/
/etc/avahi/              /etc/flatpak/        /etc/libssh/          /etc/profile.d/       /etc/sssd/
/etc/bash_completion.d/  /etc/fonts/          /etc/libvirt/         /etc/pulse/           /etc/sudoers.d/
/etc/binfmt.d/           /etc/fwupd/          /etc/logrotate.d/     /etc/qemu-ga/         /etc/sysconfig/
/etc/bluetooth/          /etc/gconf/          /etc/lsm/             /etc/qemu-kvm/        /etc/sysctl.d/
/etc/brltty/             /etc/gcrypt/         /etc/lvm/             /etc/ras/             /etc/systemd/
/etc/chkconfig.d/        /etc/gdm/            /etc/mcelog/          /etc/rc0.d/           /etc/terminfo/
/etc/chromium/           /etc/geoclue/        /etc/mdevctl.d/       /etc/rc1.d/           /etc/tmpfiles.d/
/etc/cifs-utils/         /etc/glvnd/          /etc/microcode_ctl/   /etc/rc2.d/           /etc/tuned/
/etc/cni/                /etc/gnupg/          /etc/modprobe.d/      /etc/rc3.d/           /etc/udev/
/etc/cockpit/            /etc/groff/          /etc/modules-load.d/  /etc/rc4.d/           /etc/udisks2/
/etc/containers/         /etc/grub.d/         /etc/motd.d/          /etc/rc5.d/           /etc/unbound/
/etc/cron.d/             /etc/gss/            /etc/multipath/       /etc/rc6.d/           /etc/UPower/
/etc/cron.daily/         /etc/gssproxy/       /etc/ndctl/           /etc/rc.d/            /etc/vmware-tools/
/etc/cron.hourly/        /etc/hp/             /etc/NetworkManager/  /etc/request-key.d/   /etc/wpa_supplicant/
/etc/cron.monthly/       /etc/init.d/         /etc/nftables/        /etc/rhsm/            /etc/X11/
/etc/cron.weekly/        /etc/initial-setup/  /etc/nvme/            /etc/rpm/             /etc/xdg/
/etc/crypto-policies/    /etc/iproute2/       /etc/oddjob/          /etc/rsyslog.d/       /etc/xinetd.d/
/etc/cups/               /etc/iscsi/          /etc/oddjobd.conf.d/  /etc/rwtab.d/         /etc/xml/
/etc/cupshelpers/        /etc/issue.d/        /etc/openldap/        /etc/samba/           /etc/yum/
/etc/dbus-1/             /etc/kdump/          /etc/opt/             /etc/sane.d/          /etc/yum.repos.d/
/etc/dconf/              /etc/kernel/         /etc/ostree/          /etc/sasl2/
/etc/default/            /etc/keyutils/       /etc/PackageKit/      /etc/security/
/etc/depmod.d/           /etc/krb5.conf.d/    /etc/pam.d/           /etc/selinux/
/etc/dhcp/               /etc/l1bc/           /etc/pipewire/        /etc/setroubleshoot/

8、将/etc/目录下所有文件，备份到/data独立的子目录下，并要求子目录格式为 backupYYYY-mm-dd，备份过程可见

[15:53:54 root@cocky86 data]$ mkdir -p "/data/backup$(date +%Y-%m-%d)"&& cp -Rv  /etc/* "/data/backup$(date +%Y-%m-%d)"
'/etc/123ab' -> '/data/backup2023-07-29/123ab'
'/etc/123ab/123abcdefg.' -> '/data/backup2023-07-29/123ab/123abcdefg.'
'/etc/123abc.t' -> '/data/backup2023-07-29/123abc.t'
'/etc/456abc1.t' -> '/data/backup2023-07-29/456abc1.t'
'/etc/accountsservice' -> '/data/backup2023-07-29/accountsservice'
'/etc/accountsservice/user-templates' -> '/data/backup2023-07-29/accountsservice/user-templates'
'/etc/adjtime' -> '/data/backup2023-07-29/adjtime'
'/etc/aliases' -> '/data/backup2023-07-29/aliases'
'/etc/alsa' -> '/data/backup2023-07-29/alsa'
'/etc/alsa/state-daemon.conf' -> '/data/backup2023-07-29/alsa/state-daemon.conf'
'/etc/alsa/alsactl.conf' -> '/data/backup2023-07-29/alsa/alsactl.conf'
'/etc/alsa/conf.d' -> '/data/backup2023-07-29/alsa/conf.d'
'/etc/alsa/conf.d/50-pulseaudio.conf' -> '/data/backup2023-07-29/alsa/conf.d/50-pulseaudio.conf'
'/etc/alsa/conf.d/99-pulseaudio-default.conf' -> '/data/backup2023-07-29/alsa/conf.d/99-pulseaudio-default.conf'
'/etc/alternatives' -> '/data/backup2023-07-29/alternatives'
'/etc/alternatives/libnssckbi.so.x86_64' -> '/data/backup2023-07-29/alternatives/libnssckbi.so.x86_64'

9、创建/data/rootdir目录，并复制/root下所有文件到该目录内，要求保留原有属性

[15:59:04 root@cocky86 data]$mkdir -p /data/rootdir && cp -Rpv /root/* /data/rootdir
'/root/anaconda-ks.cfg' -> '/data/rootdir/anaconda-ks.cfg'
'/root/data' -> '/data/rootdir/data'
'/root/data/test.sh' -> '/data/rootdir/data/test.sh'
'/root/dead.letter' -> '/data/rootdir/dead.letter'
'/root/initial-setup-ks.cfg' -> '/data/rootdir/initial-setup-ks.cfg'

10、将 /etc/passwd 文件中的内容转换为大写后重定向保存至/tmp/passwd.out文件中

[16:27:36 root@cocky86 /]$cat /etc/passwd | tr [a-z] [A-Z] >/tmp/passwd.out
[16:27:41 root@cocky86 /]$cat /tmp/passwd.out 
ROOT:X:0:0:ROOT:/ROOT:/BIN/BASH
BIN:X:1:1:BIN:/BIN:/SBIN/NOLOGIN
DAEMON:X:2:2:DAEMON:/SBIN:/SBIN/NOLOGIN
ADM:X:3:4:ADM:/VAR/ADM:/SBIN/NOLOGIN
LP:X:4:7:LP:/VAR/SPOOL/LPD:/SBIN/NOLOGIN
SYNC:X:5:0:SYNC:/SBIN:/BIN/SYNC

10、使用echo在m55.txt中输入自己名字的拼音，并使用cat查看

[16:29:54 root@cocky86 /]$echo "xushuang">m55.txt
[16:29:59 root@cocky86 /]$cat m55.txt 
xushuang

11、在m55.txt中使用echo继续输入当前时间的数字且不覆盖之前内容，并使用cat查看

[16:30:06 root@cocky86 /]$echo $(date +%Y-%m-%d" "%H:%M:%S) >> m55.txt
[16:39:57 root@cocky86 /]$cat m55.txt 
xushuang
2023-07-29 16:39:57