scala(12)A Tour of Scala: Upper Type Bounds

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本文深入探讨Scala中的高级特性，包括上界类型约束的使用方法及其示例，同时介绍了列表操作、元组集处理等基本语法，并展示了如何通过类型约束实现泛型方法。

scala(12)A Tour of Scala: Upper Type Bounds

InMutableList
head - return the first element of the List
tail - return the rest of the List

def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
var l1 = List(1,3,5,7)
println(l1.head + " " + l1.tail) //1 List(3,5,7)
}

Upper Type Bounds
An upper type bound T <: A declares that type variable T refers to a subtype of type A.
trait Similar {
def isSimilar(x: Any): Boolean
}

case class MyInt(x: Int) extends Similar {
def isSimilar(m: Any): Boolean = {
m.isInstanceOf[MyInt] && m.asInstanceOf[MyInt].x == x
}
}

object ListUpperTypeBound {

def findSimilar[T <: Similar](e: T, xs: List[T]): Boolean = {
if (xs.isEmpty) false
else if (e.isSimilar(xs.head)) true
else findSimilar[T](e, xs.tail)
}

def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
var l1 = List(1, 3, 5, 7)
println(l1.head + " " + l1.tail) //1 List(3,5,7)

val list: List[MyInt] = List(MyInt(1), MyInt(2), MyInt(3))
println(findSimilar[MyInt](MyInt(4), list)) //false
println(findSimilar[MyInt](MyInt(2), list)) //true
}

}

Lower Type Bounds
The term T >: A

Tips: Recall Some Old Scala Syntax
Array()
List() Manipulate the List() list1:::list2, 13::list1, list1.::(13), Remember the differences among :::, ::, .::
(1,2,3) Tuple
Set() Manipulate the Set set1 += 3, the operator is +=
HashSet() Manipulate the HashSet hashSet1.+=(5) .+=
Map() Manipulate the Map map1.+=("4" -> "1000")

For Statement
for(file <- files) for(file <- files if (file.getName.endsWith("bin")) )
for(
file <- files
if(file.isFile)
if(file.getName.endsWith("gitignore"))
)

val array_files = for (file <- files if(file.isFile)) yield file

parameter match {
case "1" =>
…
case "2" =>
…
case _ =>
….
}

def speed(distance: Double, time: Double) = distance / time
val a = speed(distance = 100, time = 9)
Magic Collection Function List() list1.exists((n:Int) => n >0), list1.exists(_%2 == 0) list1.count(_>2)
list1.filter(_>0)
Generic Classes Stack[T]

class Point(xc:Int, yc:Int) extends Similarity {}
flatMap will flat the results into the original list.

References:
http://www.scala-lang.org/node/136
http://www.scala-lang.org/node/137

http://www.scala-lang.org/api/current/index.html#scala.collection.mutable.MutableList

scala 2 ~ 11
scala(2) http://sillycat.iteye.com/blog/1536386
scala(3) http://sillycat.iteye.com/blog/1536391
scala(4) http://sillycat.iteye.com/blog/1536392
scala(5) http://sillycat.iteye.com/blog/1735124
scala(6) http://sillycat.iteye.com/blog/1748794
scala(7) http://sillycat.iteye.com/blog/1748937
scala(8) http://sillycat.iteye.com/blog/1775456
scala(9) http://sillycat.iteye.com/blog/1775972
scala(10) http://sillycat.iteye.com/blog/1775984
scala(11) http://sillycat.iteye.com/blog/1821490