Andrew Ng-Neural Networks and Deep Learning 第四周作业【1】

这周的作业就是拓展前面的单层神经网络的构造想法来构造深层网络。代码上倒是没啥我觉得思路清晰最重要……做作业的时候总是代码写出来看懂了却忽然忘了这一步是干啥的。所以边做作业我也边把总体的思路写一下免得自己乱了。

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这里有一个很重要的问题给各种途径下载作业的大家，有些题旧的版本model的反向传播函数的dA的标号是错的，coursera上有人作出回应，估计会在网站上改回来，但是之前的版本，这里就是按照这个错误的标号给的答案，因为我没有正确答案也不知道对不对，我就按照我自己的理解，思路就是按照下面写的，改了标号。emmm有人看到的话觉得有问题可以一起讨论讨论……虽然好像也不会怎么有人看到。

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1、构造整体参数初始化的函数

     传入layer_dims这个存着每层的单元数的字典，len()求出层数，并用来for循环。W和b这俩参数的行列是由前一层和本层的单元数决定的，所以每一个循环就分别从字典中取值然后构造，存入parameters字典中记录每层的参数。

2、构造前向传播函数

①：构造单层求Z的函数

     传入用于计算的前一层的A、W、b，返回 Z和cache1。这个cache1包含了传进来的参数

②：构造单层求A的函数

      传入A、W、b和要用的activation函数（relu、sigmoid），调用2得到Z。再根据对应的activation函数计算A，返回A和cache。这个cache就包含了cache1和Z(cache2)

③：构造整体前向传播函数

     传入样本X和parameters，就能利用3来进行前向传播了。取A=X，for 循环层数（不包括最后一层），从第一层开始，更新中间变量为A，用中间变量和parameters的参数求出第一层的A和cache，把cache放进列表caches末里，进行下一个循环。

而上面的过程完了以后，剩下最后一层，要注意之前的都是用relu函数，而这个就传入sigmoid，这时候的A已经是倒数第二层的结果了，最终就能得到预测值AL，把最后的cache丢进caches末。

     这个函数运行完之后就得到了最终预测值AL，包含了各层的A、W、b、Z的cache的caches列表。

3、构造计算cost的函数

4、构造反向传播函数

接下来是反向传播过程，道理都懂但是真正做的时候就是很乱。。。思路上，我们是先有dAL，通过dAL可以计算dZL，通过dZL计算dWL,DbL,dA(L-1)，再通过dA(L-1)重复计算。

（然而实际上我们是可以先有dZL。。因为dAL乘上sigmoid对应导数后是一个很简单的AL-Y，这个在前面的练习已经有了，然而这里却是从头开始先计算dAL作为起点……第一眼看到代码我就懵了一下，既然他安排是这样安排就顺着它的思路，实际上我们可以dZL来开始算的。）

①：构造通过dZ计算dW、dA、db的函数

②：构造通过dA计算dZ的函数（分成relu和sigmoid，两个求导结果不一样）

③：构造整体反向传播函数

       传入AL、Y、caches。for循环回去，首先调用②的sigmoid计算dZL，接着调用①，计算出结果后，放入grads字典。接着可以开始进入循环了，for循环，调用刚刚存进去字典的数据拿到dA，就能得到dZ，来计算dAdZdb，再放入对应层数grads字典……for循环回去就好了。最终得到的就是字典grads，记录了所有的导数值。

5、构造梯度下降函数

大功告成

下面放代码

import numpy as np
import h5py
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from testCases_v2 import *
from dnn_utils_v2 import sigmoid, sigmoid_backward, relu, relu_backward

%matplotlib inline
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = (5.0, 4.0) # set default size of plots
plt.rcParams['image.interpolation'] = 'nearest'
plt.rcParams['image.cmap'] = 'gray'

%load_ext autoreload
%autoreload 2

np.random.seed(1)
# GRADED FUNCTION: initialize_parameters

def initialize_parameters(n_x, n_h, n_y):
    """
    Argument:
    n_x -- size of the input layer
    n_h -- size of the hidden layer
    n_y -- size of the output layer
    
    Returns:
    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters:
                    W1 -- weight matrix of shape (n_h, n_x)
                    b1 -- bias vector of shape (n_h, 1)
                    W2 -- weight matrix of shape (n_y, n_h)
                    b2 -- bias vector of shape (n_y, 1)
    """
    
    np.random.seed(1)
    
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 4 lines of code)
    W1=np.random.randn(n_h, n_x)*0.01
    b1=np.zeros((n_h, 1))
    W2=np.random.randn(n_y, n_h)*0.01
    b2=np.zeros((n_y, 1))
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    assert(W1.shape == (n_h, n_x))
    assert(b1.shape == (n_h, 1))
    assert(W2.shape == (n_y, n_h))
    assert(b2.shape == (n_y, 1))
    
    parameters = {"W1": W1,
                  "b1": b1,
                  "W2": W2,
                  "b2": b2}
    
    return parameters    
parameters = initialize_parameters(2,2,1)
print("W1 = " + str(parameters["W1"]))
print("b1 = " + str(parameters["b1"]))
print("W2 = " + str(parameters["W2"]))
print("b2 = " + str(parameters["b2"]))
# GRADED FUNCTION: initialize_parameters_deep

def initialize_parameters_deep(layer_dims):
    """
    Arguments:
    layer_dims -- python array (list) containing the dimensions of each layer in our network
    
    Returns:
    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters "W1", "b1", ..., "WL", "bL":
                    Wl -- weight matrix of shape (layer_dims[l], layer_dims[l-1])
                    bl -- bias vector of shape (layer_dims[l], 1)
    """
    
    np.random.seed(3)
    parameters = {}
    L = len(layer_dims)            # number of layers in the network

    for l in range(1, L):
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
        parameters["W" + str(l)] = np.random.randn(layer_dims[l], layer_dims[l-1]) * 0.01
        parameters["b" + str(l)] = np.zeros((layer_dims[l], 1))
        ### END CODE HERE ###
        
        assert(parameters['W' + str(l)].shape == (layer_dims[l], layer_dims[l-1]))
        assert(parameters['b' + str(l)].shape == (layer_dims[l], 1))

        
    return parameters
parameters = initialize_parameters_deep([5,4,3])
print("W1 = " + str(parameters["W1"]))
print("b1 = " + str(parameters["b1"]))
print("W2 = " + str(parameters["W2"]))
print("b2 = " + str(parameters["b2"]))
# GRADED FUNCTION: linear_forward

def linear_forward(A, W, b):
    """
    Implement the linear part of a layer's forward propagation.

    Arguments:
    A -- activations from previous layer (or input data): (size of previous layer, number of examples)
    W -- weights matrix: numpy array of shape (size of current layer, size of previous layer)
    b -- bias vector, numpy array of shape (size of the current layer, 1)

    Returns:
    Z -- the input of the activation function, also called pre-activation parameter 
    cache -- a python dictionary containing "A", "W" and "b" ; stored for computing the backward pass efficiently
    """
    
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
    Z = np.dot(W,A)+b
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    assert(Z.shape == (W.shape[0], A.shape[1]))
    cache = (A, W, b)
    
    return Z, cache
A, W, b = linear_forward_test_case()

Z, linear_cache = linear_forward(A, W, b)
print("Z = " + str(Z))
# GRADED FUNCTION: linear_activation_forward

def linear_activation_forward(A_prev, W, b, activation):
    """
    Implement the forward propagation for the LINEAR->ACTIVATION layer

    Arguments:
    A_prev -- activations from previous layer (or input data): (size of previous layer, number of examples)
    W -- weights matrix: numpy array of shape (size of current layer, size of previous layer)
    b -- bias vector, numpy array of shape (size of the current layer, 1)
    activation -- the activation to be used in this layer, stored as a text string: "sigmoid" or "relu"

    Returns:
    A -- the output of the activation function, also called the post-activation value 
    cache -- a python dictionary containing "linear_cache" and "activation_cache";
             stored for computing the backward pass efficiently
    """
    
    if activation == "sigmoid":
        # Inputs: "A_prev, W, b". Outputs: "A, activation_cache".
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
        Z,linear_cache= linear_forward(A_prev, W, b)
        A, activation_cache = sigmoid(Z)
        ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    elif activation == "relu":
        # Inputs: "A_prev, W, b". Outputs: "A, activation_cache".
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
        Z,linear_cache=linear_forward(A_prev, W, b)
        A, activation_cache = relu(Z)
        ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    assert (A.shape == (W.shape[0], A_prev.shape[1]))
    cache = (linear_cache, activation_cache)

    return A, cache
A_prev, W, b = linear_activation_forward_test_case()

A, linear_activation_cache = linear_activation_forward(A_prev, W, b, activation = "sigmoid")
print("With sigmoid: A = " + str(A))

A, linear_activation_cache = linear_activation_forward(A_prev, W, b, activation = "relu")
print("With ReLU: A = " + str(A))
# GRADED FUNCTION: L_model_forward

def L_model_forward(X, parameters):
    """
    Implement forward propagation for the [LINEAR->RELU]*(L-1)->LINEAR->SIGMOID computation
    
    Arguments:
    X -- data, numpy array of shape (input size, number of examples)
    parameters -- output of initialize_parameters_deep()
    
    Returns:
    AL -- last post-activation value
    caches -- list of caches containing:
                every cache of linear_relu_forward() (there are L-1 of them, indexed from 0 to L-2)
                the cache of linear_sigmoid_forward() (there is one, indexed L-1)
    """

    caches = []
    A = X
    L = len(parameters) // 2                  # number of layers in the neural network
    
    # Implement [LINEAR -> RELU]*(L-1). Add "cache" to the "caches" list.
    for l in range(1, L):
        A_prev = A 
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
        A, cache = linear_activation_forward(A_prev, parameters['W' + str(l)], parameters['b' + str(l)],'relu')
        caches.append(cache)
        ### END CODE HERE ###
        
    # Implement LINEAR -> SIGMOID. Add "cache" to the "caches" list.
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
    AL, cache = linear_activation_forward(A, parameters['W' + str(L)], parameters['b' + str(L)],'sigmoid')
    caches.append(cache)
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    assert(AL.shape == (1,X.shape[1]))
            
    return AL, caches
X, parameters = L_model_forward_test_case()
AL, caches = L_model_forward(X, parameters)
print("AL = " + str(AL))
print("Length of caches list = " + str(len(caches)))
# GRADED FUNCTION: compute_cost

def compute_cost(AL, Y):
    """
    Implement the cost function defined by equation (7).

    Arguments:
    AL -- probability vector corresponding to your label predictions, shape (1, number of examples)
    Y -- true "label" vector (for example: containing 0 if non-cat, 1 if cat), shape (1, number of examples)

    Returns:
    cost -- cross-entropy cost
    """
    
    m = Y.shape[1]

    # Compute loss from aL and y.
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 lines of code)
    cost = - np.sum(Y* np.log(AL) +(1 - Y)*np.log(1 - AL))/m
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    cost = np.squeeze(cost)      # To make sure your cost's shape is what we expect (e.g. this turns [[17]] into 17).
    assert(cost.shape == ())
    
    return cost
Y, AL = compute_cost_test_case()

print("cost = " + str(compute_cost(AL, Y)))
# GRADED FUNCTION: linear_backward

def linear_backward(dZ, cache):
    """
    Implement the linear portion of backward propagation for a single layer (layer l)

    Arguments:
    dZ -- Gradient of the cost with respect to the linear output (of current layer l)
    cache -- tuple of values (A_prev, W, b) coming from the forward propagation in the current layer

    Returns:
    dA_prev -- Gradient of the cost with respect to the activation (of the previous layer l-1), same shape as A_prev
    dW -- Gradient of the cost with respect to W (current layer l), same shape as W
    db -- Gradient of the cost with respect to b (current layer l), same shape as b
    """
    A_prev, W, b = cache
    m = A_prev.shape[1]
    
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 3 lines of code)
    dW = np.dot(dZ, A_prev.T) / m
    db = np.sum(dZ, axis=1, keepdims=True)/ m
    dA_prev = np.dot(W.T, dZ)
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    assert (dA_prev.shape == A_prev.shape)
    assert (dW.shape == W.shape)
    assert (db.shape == b.shape)
    
    return dA_prev, dW, db
# Set up some test inputs
dZ, linear_cache = linear_backward_test_case()

dA_prev, dW, db = linear_backward(dZ, linear_cache)
print ("dA_prev = "+ str(dA_prev))
print ("dW = " + str(dW))
print ("db = " + str(db))
# GRADED FUNCTION: linear_activation_backward

def linear_activation_backward(dA, cache, activation):
    """
    Implement the backward propagation for the LINEAR->ACTIVATION layer.
    
    Arguments:
    dA -- post-activation gradient for current layer l 
    cache -- tuple of values (linear_cache, activation_cache) we store for computing backward propagation efficiently
    activation -- the activation to be used in this layer, stored as a text string: "sigmoid" or "relu"
    
    Returns:
    dA_prev -- Gradient of the cost with respect to the activation (of the previous layer l-1), same shape as A_prev
    dW -- Gradient of the cost with respect to W (current layer l), same shape as W
    db -- Gradient of the cost with respect to b (current layer l), same shape as b
    """
    linear_cache, activation_cache = cache
    
    if activation == "relu":
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
        dZ = relu_backward(dA, activation_cache)
        dA_prev, dW, db = linear_backward(dZ, linear_cache)
        ### END CODE HERE ###
        
    elif activation == "sigmoid":
        ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
        dZ = sigmoid_backward(dA, activation_cache)
        dA_prev, dW, db = linear_backward(dZ, linear_cache)
        ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    return dA_prev, dW, db
AL, linear_activation_cache = linear_activation_backward_test_case()

dA_prev, dW, db = linear_activation_backward(AL, linear_activation_cache, activation = "sigmoid")
print ("sigmoid:")
print ("dA_prev = "+ str(dA_prev))
print ("dW = " + str(dW))
print ("db = " + str(db) + "\n")

dA_prev, dW, db = linear_activation_backward(AL, linear_activation_cache, activation = "relu")
print ("relu:")
print ("dA_prev = "+ str(dA_prev))
print ("dW = " + str(dW))
print ("db = " + str(db))
# GRADED FUNCTION: L_model_backward

def L_model_backward(AL, Y, caches):
    """
    Implement the backward propagation for the [LINEAR->RELU] * (L-1) -> LINEAR -> SIGMOID group
    
    Arguments:
    AL -- probability vector, output of the forward propagation (L_model_forward())
    Y -- true "label" vector (containing 0 if non-cat, 1 if cat)
    caches -- list of caches containing:
                every cache of linear_activation_forward() with "relu" (it's caches[l], for l in range(L-1) i.e l = 0...L-2)
                the cache of linear_activation_forward() with "sigmoid" (it's caches[L-1])
    
    Returns:
    grads -- A dictionary with the gradients
             grads["dA" + str(l)] = ...
             grads["dW" + str(l)] = ...
             grads["db" + str(l)] = ...
    """
    grads = {}
    L = len(caches) # the number of layers
    m = AL.shape[1]
    Y = Y.reshape(AL.shape) # after this line, Y is the same shape as AL

    # Initializing the backpropagation
    ### START CODE HERE ### (1 line of code)
    dAL = - (np.divide(Y, AL) - np.divide(1 - Y, 1 - AL))
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    # Lth layer (SIGMOID -> LINEAR) gradients. Inputs: "AL, Y, caches". Outputs: "grads["dAL"], grads["dWL"], grads["dbL"]
    ### START CODE HERE ### (approx. 2 lines)
    current_cache =  caches[L-1]
    grads["dA" + str(L-1)], grads["dW" + str(L)], grads["db" + str(L)] = linear_activation_backward(dAL, current_cache, activation = "sigmoid")
    ### END CODE HERE ###
    
    for l in reversed(range(L - 1)):
        # lth layer: (RELU -> LINEAR) gradients.
        # Inputs: "grads["dA" + str(l + 2)], caches". Outputs: "grads["dA" + str(l + 1)] , grads["dW" + str(l + 1)] , grads["db" + str(l + 1)] 
        ### START CODE HERE ### (approx. 5 lines)
        current_cache = caches[l]
        dA_prev_temp, dW_temp, db_temp = linear_activation_backward(grads["dA" + str(l + 1)], current_cache, activation = "relu")
        grads["dA" + str(l)] = dA_prev_temp
        grads["dW" + str(l + 1)] = dW_temp
        grads["db" + str(l + 1)] = db_temp
        ### END CODE HERE ###

    return grads
AL, Y_assess, caches = L_model_backward_test_case()
grads = L_model_backward(AL, Y_assess, caches)
print ("dW1 = "+ str(grads["dW1"]))
print ("db1 = "+ str(grads["db1"]))
print ("dA1 = "+ str(grads["dA1"]))
# GRADED FUNCTION: update_parameters

def update_parameters(parameters, grads, learning_rate):
    """
    Update parameters using gradient descent
    
    Arguments:
    parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters 
    grads -- python dictionary containing your gradients, output of L_model_backward
    
    Returns:
    parameters -- python dictionary containing your updated parameters 
                  parameters["W" + str(l)] = ... 
                  parameters["b" + str(l)] = ...
    """
    
    L = len(parameters) // 2 # number of layers in the neural network

    # Update rule for each parameter. Use a for loop.
    ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 3 lines of code)
    for l in range(L):
        parameters["W" + str(l + 1)] = parameters["W" + str(l + 1)] - learning_rate * grads["dW" + str(l + 1)]
        parameters["b" + str(l + 1)] = parameters["b" + str(l + 1)] - learning_rate * grads["db" + str(l + 1)]
    ### END CODE HERE ###
        
    return parameters
parameters, grads = update_parameters_test_case()
parameters = update_parameters(parameters, grads, 0.1)

print ("W1 = "+ str(parameters["W1"]))
print ("b1 = "+ str(parameters["b1"]))
print ("W2 = "+ str(parameters["W2"]))
print ("b2 = "+ str(parameters["b2"]))