ROS+PI+ARDUINO

本文分享了使用ROSArduinoBridge实现双轮机器人PID控制的方法,包括空载与负载情况下的实时数据反馈,验证了PID控制的有效性和稳定性。

摘要生成于 C知道 ,由 DeepSeek-R1 满血版支持, 前往体验 >


向搞机的同路人致敬,特别感谢diegodiego博主共享的代码。 不才基本打通ROSArduinoBridge的任督二脉,有需要的小伙伴可以一起学习一下.





空转时的 双轮PID控制,基本比较完美了, 实时数据如下: encoder : ['0', '0']
out : ['73', '73']
encoder : ['0', '0']
out : ['76', '76']
encoder : ['0', '0']
out : ['79', '79']
encoder : ['0', '0']
out : ['82', '82']
encoder : ['0', '0']
out : ['86', '85']
encoder : ['0', '1']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['88', '85']
encoder : ['1', '3']
out : ['89', '86']
encoder : ['4', '5']
out : ['88', '87']
encoder : ['6', '7']
out : ['89', '90']
encoder : ['9', '10']
out : ['90', '89']
encoder : ['12', '12']
out : ['92', '92']
encoder : ['14', '15']
out : ['91', '91']
encoder : ['17', '17']
out : ['92', '92']
encoder : ['19', '19']
out : ['93', '93']
encoder : ['22', '22']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['94', '94']
encoder : ['25', '24']
out : ['94', '96']
encoder : ['28', '27']
out : ['95', '95']
encoder : ['30', '29']
out : ['96', '96']
encoder : ['33', '32']
out : ['98', '97']
encoder : ['35', '35']
out : ['97', '99']
encoder : ['37', '37']
out : ['98', '98']
encoder : ['40', '40']
out : ['100', '99']
encoder : ['43', '42']
out : ['99', '99']
encoder : ['46', '45']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['100', '100']
encoder : ['49', '48']
out : ['100', '101']
encoder : ['51', '51']
out : ['101', '101']
encoder : ['54', '54']
out : ['103', '102']
encoder : ['57', '57']
out : ['102', '102']
encoder : ['59', '59']
out : ['103', '103']
encoder : ['62', '62']
out : ['103', '103']
encoder : ['65', '64']
out : ['103', '104']
encoder : ['67', '67']
out : ['104', '104']
encoder : ['70', '70']
out : ['104', '104']
encoder : ['73', '73']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['105', '105']
encoder : ['76', '76']
out : ['105', '105']
encoder : ['79', '79']
out : ['107', '106']
encoder : ['83', '82']
out : ['106', '106']
encoder : ['85', '85']
out : ['106', '106']
encoder : ['89', '88']
out : ['106', '108']
encoder : ['91', '91']
out : ['107', '107']
encoder : ['94', '94']
out : ['107', '107']
encoder : ['97', '97']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['107', '107']
encoder : ['101', '100']
out : ['108', '108']
encoder : ['103', '103']
out : ['108', '108']
encoder : ['107', '107']
out : ['108', '108']
encoder : ['110', '109']
out : ['108', '109']
encoder : ['113', '113']
out : ['109', '109']
encoder : ['115', '115']
out : ['109', '109']
encoder : ['119', '119']
out : ['109', '109']
encoder : ['122', '122']
out : ['111', '110']
encoder : ['125', '125']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['110', '110']
encoder : ['128', '128']
out : ['110', '110']
encoder : ['132', '132']
out : ['110', '110']
encoder : ['134', '134']
out : ['110', '110']
encoder : ['137', '137']
out : ['111', '111']
encoder : ['141', '141']
out : ['111', '111']
encoder : ['144', '144']
out : ['111', '111']
encoder : ['147', '147']
out : ['111', '111']
encoder : ['150', '150']
out : ['111', '111']
encoder : ['153', '153']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['112', '113']
encoder : ['157', '157']
out : ['112', '112']
encoder : ['159', '159']
out : ['112', '112']
encoder : ['162', '162']
out : ['112', '112']
encoder : ['165', '165']
out : ['112', '112']
encoder : ['169', '169']
out : ['112', '112']
encoder : ['172', '172']
out : ['112', '112']
encoder : ['175', '175']
out : ['112', '112']
encoder : ['179', '179']
out : ['112', '112']
encoder : ['182', '182']
out : ['111', '112']
encoder : ['185', '185']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['112', '112']
encoder : ['188', '188']
out : ['113', '112']
encoder : ['192', '192']
out : ['114', '112']
encoder : ['195', '195']
out : ['111', '112']
encoder : ['198', '199']
out : ['111', '112']
encoder : ['201', '202']
out : ['112', '112']
encoder : ['204', '205']
out : ['112', '112']
encoder : ['207', '208']
out : ['111', '112']
encoder : ['210', '211']
out : ['112', '112']
encoder : ['214', '214']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['113', '112']
encoder : ['217', '217']
out : ['111', '112']
encoder : ['221', '221']
out : ['112', '112']
encoder : ['224', '224']
out : ['112', '112']
encoder : ['227', '227']
out : ['114', '112']
encoder : ['230', '230']
out : ['111', '112']
encoder : ['234', '234']



负载时数据也在可接受的范围内: 

out : ['88', '88']

encoder : ['0', '0']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['91', '91']
encoder : ['0', '0']
out : ['95', '95']
encoder : ['0', '0']
out : ['98', '98']
encoder : ['0', '0']
out : ['101', '101']
encoder : ['1', '0']
out : ['104', '105']
encoder : ['1', '0']
out : ['108', '109']
encoder : ['1', '0']
out : ['111', '112']
encoder : ['1', '0']
out : ['114', '113']
encoder : ['1', '1']
out : ['117', '116']
encoder : ['2', '2']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['119', '119']
encoder : ['3', '3']
out : ['121', '119']
encoder : ['5', '5']
out : ['123', '122']
encoder : ['7', '8']
out : ['123', '122']
encoder : ['9', '10']
out : ['124', '123']
encoder : ['11', '12']
out : ['125', '124']
encoder : ['14', '15']
out : ['127', '125']
encoder : ['16', '17']
out : ['126', '126']
encoder : ['19', '19']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['127', '128']
encoder : ['22', '22']
out : ['128', '127']
encoder : ['24', '24']
out : ['130', '128']
encoder : ['27', '27']
out : ['129', '129']
encoder : ['30', '30']
out : ['130', '130']
encoder : ['32', '32']
out : ['131', '131']
encoder : ['35', '35']
out : ['133', '132']
encoder : ['38', '37']
out : ['132', '134']
encoder : ['40', '40']
out : ['133', '133']
encoder : ['43', '42']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['134', '134']
encoder : ['46', '45']
out : ['136', '135']
encoder : ['48', '48']
out : ['135', '137']
encoder : ['51', '50']
out : ['136', '136']
encoder : ['54', '53']
out : ['138', '137']
encoder : ['57', '56']
out : ['137', '138']
encoder : ['59', '59']
out : ['138', '138']
encoder : ['62', '62']
out : ['138', '139']
encoder : ['65', '65']
out : ['139', '139']
encoder : ['67', '67']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['141', '140']
encoder : ['70', '70']
out : ['140', '140']
encoder : ['73', '73']
out : ['141', '141']
encoder : ['75', '76']
out : ['141', '141']
encoder : ['78', '78']
out : ['143', '141']
encoder : ['81', '81']
out : ['142', '142']
encoder : ['84', '84']
out : ['144', '142']
encoder : ['87', '87']
out : ['143', '143']
encoder : ['90', '90']
out : ['144', '143']
encoder : ['92', '93']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['144', '143']
encoder : ['95', '96']
out : ['145', '144']
encoder : ['98', '99']
out : ['145', '144']
encoder : ['101', '102']
out : ['146', '145']
encoder : ['105', '106']
out : ['146', '145']
encoder : ['107', '108']
out : ['147', '147']
encoder : ['110', '112']
out : ['147', '146']
encoder : ['113', '115']
out : ['149', '146']
encoder : ['116', '118']
out : ['148', '148']
encoder : ['119', '121']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['148', '147']
encoder : ['123', '124']
out : ['150', '147']
encoder : ['125', '127']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['128', '130']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['131', '133']
out : ['149', '149']
encoder : ['134', '136']
out : ['149', '148']
encoder : ['137', '139']
out : ['150', '148']
encoder : ['141', '142']
out : ['150', '148']
encoder : ['144', '146']
out : ['150', '148']
encoder : ['147', '149']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['150', '148']
encoder : ['151', '152']
out : ['150', '150']
encoder : ['154', '156']
out : ['150', '149']
encoder : ['157', '159']
out : ['150', '149']
encoder : ['160', '162']
out : ['150', '149']
encoder : ['164', '166']
out : ['150', '149']
encoder : ['167', '169']
out : ['150', '149']
encoder : ['170', '172']
out : ['150', '149']
encoder : ['174', '176']
out : ['150', '149']
encoder : ['177', '179']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['150', '149']
encoder : ['181', '182']
out : ['150', '149']
encoder : ['184', '186']
out : ['150', '149']
encoder : ['187', '189']
out : ['152', '148']
encoder : ['190', '192']
out : ['149', '148']
encoder : ['194', '196']
out : ['150', '148']
encoder : ['197', '200']
out : ['150', '148']
encoder : ['201', '203']
out : ['150', '148']
encoder : ['204', '206']
out : ['150', '148']
encoder : ['207', '210']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['150', '148']
encoder : ['210', '213']
out : ['150', '148']
encoder : ['214', '216']
out : ['150', '148']
encoder : ['217', '219']
out : ['150', '148']
encoder : ['220', '222']
out : ['150', '148']
encoder : ['224', '226']
out : ['150', '148']
encoder : ['227', '229']
out : ['150', '146']
encoder : ['230', '232']
out : ['148', '147']
encoder : ['234', '236']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['237', '239']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['240', '242']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['244', '246']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['247', '249']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['250', '253']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['254', '256']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['257', '259']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['261', '263']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['264', '267']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['267', '270']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['271', '273']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['275', '277']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['278', '280']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['281', '284']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['285', '287']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['288', '290']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['292', '294']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['295', '297']
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['298', '300']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['149', '147']
encoder : ['301', '303']
out : ['148', '146']
encoder : ['305', '307']
out : ['148', '146']
encoder : ['308', '310']
out : ['148', '146']
encoder : ['311', '313']
out : ['148', '146']
encoder : ['315', '316']
out : ['148', '146']
encoder : ['318', '320']
out : ['148', '146']
encoder : ['321', '323']
out : ['148', '146']
encoder : ['325', '327']
out : ['148', '146']
encoder : ['328', '330']
 self.v_des_left  = 1
 self.v_des_left  = 1
out : ['148', '146']
encoder : ['331', '333']
out : ['148', '148']
encoder : ['334', '336']
out : ['148', '147']
encoder : ['337', '339']
^Cout : ['148', '147']
encoder : ['341', '343']

<think>嗯,用户想用PC、ArduinoROS做一个导航小车,这听起来挺复杂的,不过我可以一步步来拆解。首先,我需要明确用户的需求。他们可能已经有一定的硬件基础,比如已经有Arduino和小车的底盘,可能需要指导如何连接硬件,如何用ROS进行控制,以及如何实现导航功能。 首先,硬件连接方面,用户需要知道Arduino如何与电机驱动模块(比如L298N)连接,还有如何接入传感器,比如超声波或者激光雷达。这部分可能需要电路图或者接线说明。同时,PC和Arduino之间的通信通常通过串口,所以可能需要ROS的serial包或者rosserial库来处理消息传递。 然后是ROS的部分。用户可能需要设置ROS节点,一个在PC上处理导航算法,另一个在Arduino上负责控制电机和读取传感器数据。导航算法可能涉及到SLAM,需要用到激光雷达的数据,或者用摄像头做视觉导航。如果用户用的是低成本方案,可能用RPLIDAR A1这样的二维激光雷达,配合hector_slam或者gmapping包建图。 接下来是软件部分。Arduino的代码需要订阅ROS中的cmd_vel话题,接收速度指令,转换成PWM信号控制电机。同时,传感器数据比如编码器或IMU的数据需要发布到ROS中的话题,比如odom。这里可能需要使用PID控制来确保小车按照指令运动,避免偏差。 调试方法的话,用户可能需要分步骤测试每个部分。比如先单独测试Arduino的电机控制,确保它能正确响应速度指令。然后用rostopic命令手动发送速度消息,看小车是否能动起来。接着测试传感器数据的发布是否正常,最后整合导航算法,进行实际的环境测试。 可能的问题点包括硬件接线错误,ROS节点之间的通信问题,以及导航算法的参数调整。比如电机的极性接反导致小车倒退,或者PID参数不合适导致运动不稳。此外,网络延迟也可能影响实时控制,尤其是在无线连接的情况下。 用户可能需要示例代码来参考,比如ArduinoROS节点代码,如何订阅和发布话题,以及PC端的SLAM和导航配置。还有硬件连接的具体引脚说明,比如L298N的ENA、IN1、IN2接Arduino的哪个数字引脚。 另外,考虑到用户提到的参考引用里有Raspberry Pi和GPIO编程,可能他们也有树莓派,但问题中主要提到PC和Arduino。不过需要确认是否需要整合树莓派,或者只是用PC作为主控。如果使用PC的话,可能处理能力更强,适合运行ROS的导航栈。 最后,用户可能需要教程或资源推荐,比如ROS官方文档,ArduinoROS结合的教程,以及具体的SLAM包的使用方法。可能还需要推荐一些传感器型号,比如推荐的激光雷达型号,编码器型号等,以及如何安装相应的ROS驱动包。</think># 基于PC+Arduino+ROS的导航小车实现指南 ## 一、硬件系统架构 1. 核心组件选型建议: - 主控单元:Arduino Mega 2560(GPIO资源丰富) - 驱动模块:L298N双H桥电机驱动器(支持12V/2A输出) - 传感器配置: - RPLIDAR A1 二维激光雷达(建图用) - MPU6050六轴传感器(姿态检测) - 光电编码器(里程计反馈) 2. 接线示意图: ``` Arduino D9 -> L298N ENA D8/D7 -> IN1/IN2 D6/D5 -> IN3/IN4 A0/A1 -> 编码器AB相 I2C接口 -> MPU6050 USB转TTL -> PC通信 ``` ## 二、ROS开发环境搭建 1. 安装ROS Noetic(推荐Ubuntu 20.04) ```bash sudo apt install ros-noetic-desktop-full sudo apt install ros-noetic-rosserial-arduino ``` 2. 创建ROS工作空间 ```bash mkdir -p ~/catkin_ws/src cd ~/catkin_ws/ catkin_make ``` ## 三、Arduino固件开发 1. 安装rosserial库 - 通过Arduino IDE库管理器添加"rosserial_arduino" 2. 核心控制代码框架 ```cpp #include <ros.h> #include <geometry_msgs/Twist.h> ros::NodeHandle nh; void cmdVelCallback(const geometry_msgs::Twist& msg){ // 解析线速度/角速度控制电机 } ros::Subscriber<geometry_msgs::Twist> sub("cmd_vel", cmdVelCallback); void setup(){ nh.initNode(); nh.subscribe(sub); } void loop(){ nh.spinOnce(); // 发布里程计数据 // 更新传感器读数 } ``` ## 四、导航算法实现 1. SLAM建图配置 ```bash roslaunch rplidar_ros rplidar.launch roslaunch hector_slam hector_mapping.launch ``` 2. 路径规划节点配置 ```xml <node pkg="move_base" type="move_base" name="move_base"> <rosparam file="$(find nav_stack)/config/costmap_common_params.yaml"/> <rosparam file="$(find nav_stack)/config/local_costmap_params.yaml"/> </node> ``` ## 五、调试方法 1. 硬件层验证 - 使用`rostopic pub /cmd_vel geometry_msgs/Twist`发送测试指令 - 通过`rqt_graph`检查节点连接状态 2. 传感器校准 - 激光雷达:在空旷环境验证扫描点云 - IMU:执行`rosrun imu_filter madgwick_test`进行姿态解算验证 3. 运动控制调试 - 调整PID参数实现精确转向: $$K_p + K_i \int e(t)dt + K_d \frac{de(t)}{dt}$$ - 使用`rosbag record`记录运行数据用于分析 ## 六、典型问题解决方案 1. 里程计累积误差:融合IMU数据实现航位推测 2. 通信延迟优化:将串口波特率提升至115200bps 3. 建图失真处理:配置hector_slam参数: ```yaml hector_mapping: map_resolution: 0.05 update_factor_free: 0.4 update_factor_occupied: 0.9 ``` ## 七、扩展功能实现 1. 远程监控接口 ```python #!/usr/bin/env python import rospy from web_video_server import WebVideoServer rospy.init_node('web_interface') server = WebVideoServer() server.start() ``` 2. 多机协同配置 ```bash export ROS_MASTER_URI=http://主控PC_IP:11311 export ROS_IP=本机IP ``` 本项目完整代码仓库:https://github.com/ros-mobile-robots/arduino_nav
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