初中英语语法—名词
1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类
(1)专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称,第一个字母要大写.
如: Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国)
专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the.
如: the Great Wall ( 长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义).
如: the Greens (格林一家人)
(2)普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称.
pupil, family, man, foot普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词.
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词.
如: box, child, orange
▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词.
如: water, news, oil, population, information
2、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式
(1)名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:
- ①在单数名词词尾加s.
map → maps, boy → boys, horse → horses, table → tables - ②s, o, x, sh, ch结尾的词加es.
class → classes, box → boxes, hero → heroes, dish → dishes, bench → benches
[注]少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s.如: photo → photos, piano → pianos - ③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es.
family → families, city → cities, party → parties - ④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es.
shelf → shelves, wolf → wolves, life → lives, knife → knives.
(2)不规则变化:
man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep, tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词.
如: a bag of ice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名词所有格
名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:
- (1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s.
如:Children’s Day,my sister’s book
- (2)以s或es结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加.
如:Teachers’ Day
- (3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s.
如: today’s newspaper, ten minutes’ break, China’s population
- (4)介词of短语来表示所有关系.
如: a fine daughter of the Party (党的好女儿)
[注解]: ①'s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如: my aunt's (我阿姨家), the doctor's (诊所) ②两人共有某物时,可以采用A and B's的形式,如: Lucy and Lily's bedroom ③"of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词",称为双重所有格,如: a friend of my father's, a friend of mine
4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题
- 1、主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式.
如: The computer was a great invention. The water in the glass is very cold.
- 2、集体名词(如family、class、team、group、row、police、school等)做句子主语时, 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式.
如: Class Three is a very good class.如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如: Class Three have a map of China.
- 3、Chinese、Japanese、 fish、 sheep、 people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数.
如: There is a sheep in the yard./There are some sheep in the yard.
- 4、maths、news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数.
The news is very exciting.
- 5、glasses、shoes、socks、trousers、gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数.
如: The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.
- 6、and连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数.
如: The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food.(鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)
- 7、there be句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定.
如: There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
- 8、either…or…或者neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则.
如: Either you or He is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对).Neither you nor I am go in there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
1986

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