对指定URL获取其titile

本文介绍使用Python的urllib及urllib2库获取指定URL的网页标题,并解决因服务器限制导致的问题。同时探讨了使用正则表达式与BeautifulSoup进行内容解析的方法。

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最近有个需求需要对指定一批URL获取其title,以便于筛选出所需要的URL,查了下网上工具挺多的。

我这里使用python中的urllib或urllib2包对URL 的内容提取.方法如下:

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import urllib2
import re

url='http://segmentfault.com/q/1010000000124036'
html = urllib2.urlopen(url).read()

res_list = re.findall(r"<title>.*</title>", html)
for t in res_list:
	print t

执行结果为:

python如何正确抓取网页标题 - SegmentFault


看这个帖子里说的BeautifulSoup也是很不错的, 没有试过,代码如下:

import urllib
from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup
content = urllib.urlopen('http://segmentfault.com/q/1010000000124036').read()
soup = BeautifulSoup(content)
print soup.find('title')

用第一段代码在获取我的主页http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/lming_08?viewmode=list的title时,报错了:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "get_title.py", line 9, in <module>
    html = urllib2.urlopen(url).read()
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 126, in urlopen
    return _opener.open(url, data, timeout)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 400, in open
    response = meth(req, response)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 513, in http_response
    'http', request, response, code, msg, hdrs)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 438, in error
    return self._call_chain(*args)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 372, in _call_chain
    result = func(*args)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 521, in http_error_default
    raise HTTPError(req.get_full_url(), code, msg, hdrs, fp)
urllib2.HTTPError: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden
是403错误,看来优快云对本次请求是禁止的, 所以我们要模拟正常人访问浏览器的行为,加上headers

url='http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/lming_08?viewmode=list'

user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'# 将user_agent写入头信息
headers = { 'User-Agent' : user_agent }

req = urllib2.Request(url, headers = headers)
html = urllib2.urlopen(req).read()
res_list = re.findall(r"<title>.*\s?.*</title>", html)
for t in res_list:
	print t[7:-8]
执行没有问题,结果为:

lming_08技术博客
        - 博客频道 - youkuaiyun.com

注意这里标题里面含有\n字符,而之前正则表达式r"<title>.*</title>"是不会包含\n的,所以改为 r"<title>.*\s?.*</title>"  或者 r"<title>.*\n?.*</title>"


最新发现这获取 http://www.smzdm.com/p/664187 title时仍然会报403错误, 查了下需要更新headers

user_agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-US; rv:1.9.1.6) Gecko/20091201 Firefox/3.5.6'
headers = { 'User-Agent' : user_agent }
执行结果为:

lming_08@ubuntu:~/MyWorkSpace/Pycode/htmlparse$ python get_title.py
Mentholatum 曼秀雷敦  肌研极润保湿系列套装(洁面乳50g+化妆水100ml+乳液90ml+面膜18ml+眼膜2片+眼霜3g) 99元(199-100)_乐蜂网优惠_什么值得买

在实际操作中我们会对很多url进行解析, 中间免不了会出现服务器返回其他错误代码,因此我们要捕获异常继续执行:

try:
    html = urllib2.urlopen(req).read()
    res_list = re.findall(r"<title>.*\s?.*</title>", html)
    for t in res_list:
	    print t[7:-8]
except urllib2.HTTPError:
    print "failed parsing web url"




文章参考于:

http://www.cnblogs.com/txw1958/archive/2012/03/12/2392067.html

http://segmentfault.com/q/1010000000124036

http://blog.youkuaiyun.com/my2010sam/article/details/17398807


<template> <div id="cesiumContainer"></div> <div ref="miniMapContainer" class="mini-map" @click="handleMiniMapClick"> <div class="location-indicator" :style="indicatorStyle"></div> <!-- 四个角折角 --> <div class="corner corner-top-left"></div> <div class="corner corner-top-right"></div> <div class="corner corner-bottom-left"></div> <div class="corner corner-bottom-right"></div> <!-- <div class="camera-icon">📷</div> --> <div class="focus-effect"></div> <div class="pulse"></div> </div> <Search @location-selected="handleLocationSelected" /> <LocationBar v-if="loaded" :update-interval="100" :use-dms-format="useDmsFormat" /> </template> <style> /* @import "/temp/css/divGraphic.css"; */ </style> <script setup lang="ts"> import { computed, onUnmounted, onMounted, reactive } from "vue"; import LocationBar from "./location-bar.vue"; import Search from "./search.vue"; import initMap from "./init"; import { ref } from "vue"; import { throttle } from 'lodash'; import { loadRipplePoints, createMultipleRippleCircles } from './circle.js'; import { $prototype } from "../../main.ts"; const miniMapContainer = ref<HTMLElement>(); let viewIndicator: Rectangle; // 视图指示器样式 const currentPosition = reactive({ longitude: 113.361538, latitude: 27.339318, }); // 株洲市范围常量 const ZHUZHOU_EXTENT = { west: 112.5, // 株洲市西边界 east: 114.5, // 株洲市东边界 south: 26.0, // 株洲市南边界 north: 28.0 // 株洲市北边界 }; const rippleEntities = ref<any[]>([]); // 存储波纹圆实体 const heightThreshold = 80000; // 高度阈值(米),高于此值隐藏波纹圆 // 修复1:重新定义 indicatorStyle 为 ref const indicatorStyle = ref({ left: '50%', top: '50%', display: "block" }); const updateRippleVisibility = throttle(() => { if (!$prototype.$map || rippleEntities.value.length === 0) return; // 修复1:将 shouldShow 提取到块级作用域外部 let shouldShow = false; // 获取相机高度 const cartographic = $prototype.$map.camera.positionCartographic; // 修复2:添加空值检查 if (cartographic) { const cameraHeight = cartographic.height; shouldShow = cameraHeight > heightThreshold; } // 修复3:确保 shouldShow 已定义 rippleEntities.value.forEach(entity => { entity.show = shouldShow; }); }, 200); // 更新指示器位置 const updateIndicatorPosition = () => { if (!$prototype.$map) return; const camera = $prototype.$map.camera; const rect = camera.computeViewRectangle(); if (!rect) return; // 计算在株洲市范围内的相对位置 const center = Cesium.Rectangle.center(rect); const lon = Cesium.Math.toDegrees(center.longitude); const lat = Cesium.Math.toDegrees(center.latitude); // 确保位置在株洲市范围内 const constrainedLon = Math.max(ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.west, Math.min(ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.east, lon)); const constrainedLat = Math.max(ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.south, Math.min(ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.north, lat)); const lonPercent = ((constrainedLon - ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.west) / (ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.east - ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.west)) * 100; const latPercent = 100 - ((constrainedLat - ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.south) / (ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.north - ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.south)) * 100; // 更新CSS指示器 indicatorStyle.value = { left: `${lonPercent}%`, top: `${latPercent}%`, display: "block" }; }; // 更新鹰眼地图 - 只更新指示器位置 const updateOverview = () => { if (!$prototype.$map || !overviewViewer.value) return; // 获取主地图的当前视图中心 const rectangle = $prototype.$map.camera.computeViewRectangle(); if (!rectangle) return; // 更新指示器位置 updateIndicatorPosition(); }; const overviewViewer = ref(null); // 初始化鹰眼地图 - 使用株洲市影像 const initMiniMap = () => { Cesium.Ion.defaultAccessToken = "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJqdGkiOiIxMDhlNDdmYy03NzFhLTQ1ZTQtOWQ3NS1lZDAzNDc3YjE4NDYiLCJpZCI6MzAxNzQyLCJpYXQiOjE3NDcwNTMyMDN9.eaez8rQxVbPv2LKEU0sMDclPWyHKhh1tR27Vg-_rQSM"; if (!miniMapContainer.value) return; // 创建株洲市专用影像提供器 const zhuzhouProvider = new Cesium.UrlTemplateImageryProvider({ url: "http://124.232.190.30:9000/proxy/pk1725866655224/map/zzzsyx_18/{z}/{x}/{y}.png", minimumLevel: 1, maximumLevel: 17, tilingScheme: new Cesium.WebMercatorTilingScheme(), }); // 鹰眼地图初始化 - 使用株洲市影像 overviewViewer.value = new Cesium.Viewer(miniMapContainer.value, { sceneMode: Cesium.SceneMode.SCENE2D, baseLayerPicker: false, homeButton: false, timeline: false, navigationHelpButton: false, animation: false, scene3DOnly: true, selectionIndicator: false, infoBox: false, imageryProvider: zhuzhouProvider, // 修复2:移除地形服务 terrainProvider: undefined, // 修复3:使用正确的投影 mapProjection: new Cesium.WebMercatorProjection(), // 修复4:禁用天空盒和大气层 skyBox: false, skyAtmosphere: false }); // 设置固定视野为株洲市范围 overviewViewer.value.camera.setView({ destination: Cesium.Rectangle.fromDegrees( ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.west, ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.south, ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.east, ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.north ) }); // 隐藏控件 const toolbar = overviewViewer.value.container.getElementsByClassName("cesium-viewer-toolbar")[0]; if (toolbar) toolbar.style.display = "none"; // 修复5:隐藏版权信息 overviewViewer.value.cesiumWidget.creditContainer.style.display = "none"; // 初始化视图指示器 initRectangle(); }; // 初始化视图指示器 function initRectangle() { // 创建视图指示器(株洲市范围框) viewIndicator = overviewViewer.value.entities.add({ rectangle: { coordinates: Cesium.Rectangle.fromDegrees( ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.west, ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.south, ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.east, ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.north ), material: Cesium.Color.RED.withAlpha(0.3), outline: true, outlineColor: Cesium.Color.RED, outlineWidth: 2, }, }); } const loaded = ref(false); const useDmsFormat = ref(false); function addDemoGraphics() { const chinaBoundary = $prototype.$map.dataSources.add( Cesium.GeoJsonDataSource.load("/shp_zz.geojson", { stroke: Cesium.Color.WHITE, fill: false, clampToGround: true, describe: null, }) ); chinaBoundary.then((dataSource) => { const entities = dataSource.entities.values; for (let entity of entities) { if (entity.polyline) { entity.polyline.fill = false; } } }); } function flyToDes() { const center = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(-98.0, 40.0); $prototype.$map.camera.flyTo({ destination: new Cesium.Cartesian3( -2432812.6687511606, 5559483.804371395, 2832009.419525571 ), orientation: { heading: 6.283185307179421, pitch: -1.0472145569408116, roll: 6.2831853071795205, }, complete: function () {}, }); } // 监听主地图相机变化 const setupCameraListener = () => { $prototype.$map.camera.changed.addEventListener(updateOverview); }; // 鹰眼地图点击处理 const handleMiniMapClick = (event: MouseEvent) => { if (!miniMapContainer.value || !overviewViewer.value) return; const rect = miniMapContainer.value.getBoundingClientRect(); const x = event.clientX - rect.left; const y = event.clientY - rect.top; // 计算在固定范围内的相对位置 const xPercent = (x / rect.width) * 100; const yPercent = (y / rect.height) * 100; // 转换为株洲市范围内的经纬度 const lon = ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.west + (xPercent / 100) * (ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.east - ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.west); const lat = ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.north - (yPercent / 100) * (ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.north - ZHUZHOU_EXTENT.south); // 主地图飞向点击位置 $prototype.$map.camera.flyTo({ destination: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees(lon, lat, 1000000), }); }; function addImage() { var rightImageProvider = new Cesium.UrlTemplateImageryProvider({ name: "影像图", type: "xyz", layer: "vec_d", url: "http://124.232.190.30:9000/proxy/pk1725866655224/map/zzzsyx_18/{z}/{x}/{y}.png", minimumLevel: 1, maximumLevel: 17, crs: "EPSG:3857", }); $prototype.$map.imageryLayers.addImageryProvider(rightImageProvider); rightImageProvider.splitDirection = Cesium.SplitDirection.right; } onMounted(() => { initMap(); addImage(); loaded.value = true; addDemoGraphics(); flyToDes(); // 修复6:确保正确的初始化顺序 setTimeout(() => { initMiniMap(); setupCameraListener(); // 初始更新 updateOverview(); }, 1000); (async () => { try { const ripplePoints = await loadRipplePoints(); rippleEntities.value = createMultipleRippleCircles( $prototype.$map, ripplePoints ); $prototype.$map.camera.changed.addEventListener(updateRippleVisibility); updateRippleVisibility(); } catch (error) { console.error('加载波纹圆失败:', error); } })(); }); let currentMarker: any = null; const createMarker = (location: { lng: number; lat: number; name: string }) => { if (currentMarker) { $prototype.$map.entities.remove(currentMarker); } currentMarker = $prototype.$map.entities.add({ position: Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees( location.lng, location.lat, 50 ), point: { pixelSize: 200, color: Cesium.Color.RED, outlineColor: Cesium.Color.WHITE, outlineWidth: 2, heightReference: Cesium.HeightReference.RELATIVE_TO_GROUND, }, label: { text: location.name, font: "40px sans-serif", fillColor: Cesium.Color.WHITE, outlineColor: Cesium.Color.BLACK, outlineWidth: 1, verticalOrigin: Cesium.VerticalOrigin.BOTTOM, pixelOffset: new Cesium.Cartesian2(0, -20), heightReference: Cesium.HeightReference.RELATIVE_TO_GROUND, distanceDisplayCondition: new Cesium.DistanceDisplayCondition(0, 10000), }, description: `<div style="padding: 10px;"> <h3 style="margin: 0 0 5px 0;">${location.name}</h3> <p>经度:${location.lng.toFixed(6)}</p> <p>纬度:${location.lat.toFixed(6)}</p> </div>`, }); return currentMarker; }; const handleLocationSelected = (location: { lng: number; lat: number; name: string; }) => { if (!$prototype.$map) return; const destination = Cesium.Cartesian3.fromDegrees( location.lng, location.lat, 200 ); $prototype.$map.camera.flyTo({ destination, orientation: { heading: Cesium.Math.toRadians(0), pitch: Cesium.Math.toRadians(-45), roll: 0, }, duration: 2, complete: () => { createMarker(location); }, }); }; onUnmounted(() => { if ($prototype.$map) { $prototype.$map.destroy(); $prototype.$map = null; } if ($prototype.$map) { $prototype.$map.camera.changed.removeEventListener(updateRippleVisibility); } console.log("组件销毁"); }); const emit = defineEmits(["onload", "onclick"]); const initMars3d = async (option: any) => { emit("onclick", true); emit("onload", $prototype.$map); }; </script> <style lang="less"> /**cesium 工具按钮栏*/ .cesium-viewer-toolbar { top: auto !important; bottom: 35px !important; left: 12px !important; right: auto !important; } .cesium-toolbar-button img { height: 100%; } .cesium-viewer-toolbar > .cesium-toolbar-button, .cesium-navigationHelpButton-wrapper, .cesium-viewer-geocoderContainer { margin-bottom: 5px; float: left; clear: both; text-align: center; } .cesium-button { background-color: rgba(23, 49, 71, 0.8); color: #e6e6e6; fill: #e6e6e6; box-shadow: 0 1px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3); line-height: 32px; } .cesium-button:hover { background: #3ea6ff; } /**cesium 底图切换面板*/ .cesium-baseLayerPicker-dropDown { bottom: 0; left: 40px; max-height: 700px; margin-bottom: 5px; background-color: rgba(23, 49, 71, 0.8); } /**cesium 帮助面板*/ .cesium-navigation-help { top: auto; bottom: 0; left: 40px; transform-origin: left bottom; background: none; background-color: rgba(23, 49, 71, 0.8); .cesium-navigation-help-instructions { background: none; } .cesium-navigation-button { background: none; } .cesium-navigation-button-selected, .cesium-navigation-button-unselected:hover { background: rgba(0, 138, 255, 0.2); } } /**cesium 二维三维切换*/ .cesium-sceneModePicker-wrapper { width: auto; } .cesium-sceneModePicker-wrapper .cesium-sceneModePicker-dropDown-icon { float: right; margin: 0 3px; } /**cesium POI查询输入框*/ .cesium-viewer-geocoderContainer .search-results { left: 0; right: 40px; width: auto; z-index: 9999; } .cesium-geocoder-searchButton { background-color: rgba(23, 49, 71, 0.8); } .cesium-viewer-geocoderContainer .cesium-geocoder-input { background-color: rgba(63, 72, 84, 0.7); } .cesium-viewer-geocoderContainer .cesium-geocoder-input:focus { background-color: rgba(63, 72, 84, 0.9); } .cesium-viewer-geocoderContainer .search-results { background-color: rgba(23, 49, 71, 0.8); } /**cesium info信息框*/ .cesium-infoBox { top: 50px; background-color: rgba(23, 49, 71, 0.8); } .cesium-infoBox-title { background-color: rgba(23, 49, 71, 0.8); } /**cesium 任务栏的FPS信息*/ .cesium-performanceDisplay-defaultContainer { top: auto; bottom: 35px; right: 50px; } .cesium-performanceDisplay-ms, .cesium-performanceDisplay-fps { color: #fff; } /**cesium tileset调试信息面板*/ .cesium-viewer-cesiumInspectorContainer { top: 10px; left: 10px; right: auto; } .cesium-cesiumInspector { background-color: rgba(23, 49, 71, 0.8); } /**覆盖mars3d内部控件的颜色等样式*/ .mars3d-compass .mars3d-compass-outer { fill: rgba(23, 49, 71, 0.8); } .mars3d-contextmenu-ul, .mars3d-sub-menu { background-color: rgba(23, 49, 71, 0.8); > li > a:hover, > li > a:focus, > li > .active { background-color: #3ea6ff; } > .active > a, > .active > a:hover, > .active > a:focus { background-color: #3ea6ff; } } /* Popup样式*/ .mars3d-popup-color { color: #ffffff; } .mars3d-popup-background { background: rgba(23, 49, 71, 0.8); } .mars3d-popup-content { margin: 15px; } .mars3d-template-content label { padding-right: 6px; } .mars3d-template-titile { border-bottom: 1px solid #3ea6ff; } .mars3d-template-titile a { font-size: 16px; } .mars3d-tooltip { background: rgba(23, 49, 71, 0.8); border: 1px solid rgba(23, 49, 71, 0.8); } .mars3d-popup-btn-custom { padding: 3px 10px; border: 1px solid #209ffd; background: #209ffd1c; } .mars-dialog .mars-dialog__content { height: 100%; width: 100%; overflow: auto; padding: 5px; } .image { border: solid 2px #fff; } .content { height: 90%; padding-top: 10px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto; } .content-text { padding: 0 10px; text-indent: 30px; font-size: 17px; } .details-video { width: 100%; height: 760px; background-color: #000; } :where(.css-lt97qq9).ant-space { display: inline-flex; } :where(.css-lt97qq9).ant-space-align-center { align-items: center; } :where(.css-lt97qq9).ant-image .ant-image-mask { position: absolute; inset: 0; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; color: #fff; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); cursor: pointer; opacity: 0; transition: opacity 0.3s; } :where(.css-lt97qq9).ant-image .ant-image-mask .ant-image-mask-info { overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; text-overflow: ellipsis; padding: 0 4px; } :where(.css-1t97qq9)[class^="ant-image"] [class^="ant-image"], :where(.css-1t97qq9)[class*=" ant-image"] [class^="ant-image"], :where(.css-1t97qq9)[class^="ant-image"] [class*=" ant-image"], :where(.css-1t97qq9)[class*=" ant-image"] [class*=" ant-image"] { box-sizing: border-box; } :where(.css-lt97qq9).ant-image .ant-image-img { width: 100%; height: auto; vertical-align: middle; } </style> <style scoped> .mini-map-container { position: relative; width: 100%; height: 100%; } .main-viewer { width: 100%; height: 100%; } .mini-map { position: absolute; right: 3vw; bottom: 6vh; width: 12vw; height: 17vh; border: 2px solid #fff; box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); z-index: 999; cursor: pointer; overflow: hidden; } .location-indicator { position: absolute; width: 14px; height: 14px; background: #ff3e3e; border: 2px solid white; border-radius: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); box-shadow: 0 0 15px rgba(255, 62, 62, 1); z-index: 100; } .view-rectangle { position: absolute; border: 2px solid #00f2fe; z-index: 99; pointer-events: none; box-shadow: 0 0 20px rgba(0, 242, 254, 0.7); } /* 相机聚焦样式 - 四个角折角 */ .corner { position: absolute; width: 25px; height: 25px; z-index: 100; pointer-events: none; } .corner::before, .corner::after { content: ""; position: absolute; background: #00f2fe; box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 242, 254, 0.8); } .corner-top-left { top: -2px; left: -2px; } .corner-top-left::before { top: 0; left: 0; width: 15px; height: 3px; } .corner-top-left::after { top: 0; left: 0; width: 3px; height: 15px; } .corner-top-right { top: -2px; right: -2px; } .corner-top-right::before { top: 0; right: 0; width: 15px; height: 3px; } .corner-top-right::after { top: 0; right: 0; width: 3px; height: 15px; } .corner-bottom-left { bottom: -2px; left: -2px; } .corner-bottom-left::before { bottom: 0; left: 0; width: 15px; height: 3px; } .corner-bottom-left::after { bottom: 0; left: 0; width: 3px; height: 15px; } .corner-bottom-right { bottom: -2px; right: -2px; } .corner-bottom-right::before { bottom: 0; right: 0; width: 15px; height: 3px; } .corner-bottom-right::after { bottom: 0; right: 0; width: 3px; height: 15px; } .camera-icon { position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 10px; color: #00f2fe; font-size: 24px; z-index: 100; text-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 242, 254, 0.8); } .focus-effect { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; pointer-events: none; z-index: 98; border: 2px solid rgba(0, 242, 254, 0.2); border-radius: 5px; box-shadow: inset 0 0 30px rgba(0, 242, 254, 0.1); } .pulse { position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 10px; height: 10px; border-radius: 50%; background: rgba(0, 242, 254, 0.7); box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 rgba(0, 242, 254, 0.7); animation: pulse 2s infinite; } ::v-deep.cesium-viewer-toolbar { display: none; } </style> 如上vue代码,还有个问题,就是鹰眼地图里面除了中间的株洲影像不变以外,其余地方加载的还是原本初始的地球影像即可,现在鹰眼地图里面只有这个株洲影像,你尝试修改一下代码,尽可能减少对vue其他无关代码的更改
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