http://www.cnblogs.com/Purple_Xiapei/category/378741.html
Abstract
之前在(原創) 如何使用for_each() algorithm? (C/C++) (STL) 曾經討論過for_each(),不過當時功力尚淺,只談到了皮毛而已,這次看了effective STL的item 41、43後,對for_each()又有了更深入的了解,因此做了本篇心得報告。
Motivation
看到了eXile的C++中实现 foreach使用了巨集對foreach做改善,也看到了很多人對STL style的for_each()做討論,使我想對STL的for_each()再做了一次研究。
Introduction
學習過STL的container後,想要存取每一個iterator,你一定寫過以下的程式
#include
<
vector
>
#include
<
iostream
>

using
namespace
std;
int
main()
{
int ia[] = {1, 2, 3};
vector<int> ivec(ia, ia + sizeof(ia) / sizeof(int));
for(vector<int>::const_iterator iter = ivec.begin(); iter != ivec.end(); ++iter) {
cout << *iter << endl;
}
}
執行結果
1
2
3
當時我覺得STL什麼都好,就是以下這一串又臭又長
for
(vector
<
int
>
::const_iterator iter
=
ivec.begin(); iter
!=
ivec.end();
++
iter)
{
若不常寫,一時還會寫不出來,其實若配合container,C++其實不應該這樣寫迴圈,正確的方式該使用for_each(),語法會變的相當簡單。
for_each()事實上是個function template,其實做如下[effective STL item 41]
template
<
typename InputIterator, typename Function
>
Function for_each(InputIterator beg, InputIterator end, Function f)
{
while(beg != end)
f(*beg++);
}
由以上source可知,for_each()只能配合global function和function object。
以下我們將對procedure based、object oriented、generics三種paradigm與for_each()搭配做探討。
Procedure Based與for_each()搭配
1.不傳入參數
/* 2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com3
Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_GlobalFunction.cpp4
Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++5
Description : Demo how to use for_each with global function6
Release : 05/11/2007 1.07
*/
8
#include
<
iostream
>
9
#include
<
vector
>
10
#include
<
iostream
>
11
#include
<
algorithm
>
12

13
using
namespace
std;14

15
void
printElem(
int
&
elem)
{16
cout << elem << endl;17
}
18

19
int
main()
{20
int ia[] = {1, 2, 3};21
vector<int> ivec(ia, ia + sizeof(ia) / sizeof(int));22
23
for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), printElem);24
}
執行結果
1
2
3
23行
for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), printElem);
只需將vector::begin(),vector::end()和global function name傳給for_each()即可,再也不用for迴圈那種複雜的語法了。
2.傳入參數
若要傳參數給global function,就不能再只傳global function name而已,必須透過ptr_fun()這個function adapter將global function轉成function object,然後再用bind2nd()將參數bind成一個function object。
/* 2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com3
Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_GlobalFunctionWithParameter.cpp4
Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++5
Description : Demo how to use for_each with global function with Parameter6
Release : 05/11/2007 1.07
*/
8
#include
<
iostream
>
9
#include
<
vector
>
10
#include
<
iostream
>
11
#include
<
algorithm
>
12
#include
<
functional
>
13

14
using
namespace
std;15

16
void
printElem(
int
elem,
const
char
*
prefix)
{17
cout << prefix << elem << endl;18
}
19

20
int
main()
{21
int ia[] = {1, 2, 3};22
vector<int> ivec(ia, ia + sizeof(ia) / sizeof(int));23
24
for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), bind2nd(ptr_fun(printElem), "Element:"));25
}
執行結果
Element:
1
Element:
2
Element:
3
Object Oriented與for_each()搭配
1.不傳入參數
使用function object
/* 2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com3
Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_FunctionObject.cpp4
Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++5
Description : Demo how to use for_each with function object6
Release : 05/11/2007 1.07
*/
8
#include
<
iostream
>
9
#include
<
vector
>
10
#include
<
iostream
>
11
#include
<
algorithm
>
12

13
using
namespace
std;14

15
struct
printElem
{16
void operator() (int elem) {17
cout << elem << endl;18
} 19
}
;20

21
int
main()
{22
int ia[] = {1, 2, 3};23
vector<int> ivec(ia, ia + sizeof(ia) / sizeof(int));24
25
for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), printElem());26
}
執行結果
1
2
3
2.傳入參數
若使用function object,也可以將參數傳給printElem(),透過constructor的技巧接收參數。
/* 2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com3
Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_FunctionObjectWithParameter.cpp4
Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++5
Description : Demo how to use for_each with function object with parameter6
Release : 05/11/2007 1.07
*/
8
#include
<
iostream
>
9
#include
<
vector
>
10
#include
<
iostream
>
11
#include
<
algorithm
>
12

13
using
namespace
std;14

15
struct
printElem
{16
const char* _prefix;17

18
printElem(const char* prefix) : _prefix(prefix) {}19
20
void operator() (int elem) {21
cout << _prefix << elem << endl;22
} 23
}
;24

25
int
main()
{26
int ia[] = {1, 2, 3};27
vector<int> ivec(ia, ia + sizeof(ia) / sizeof(int));28
29
for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), printElem("Element:"));30
}
執行結果
Element:
1
Element:
2
Element:
3
function object有很多種寫法,但只要是function object都可以跟for_each()合作。
3.member_function與for_each()搭配
3.1 不傳入參數
本文的重點來了,在物件導向世界裡,最常用的就是for_each()配合member function,這該怎麼寫呢?直覺會這樣子寫
for_each(_doorVec.begin(), _doorVec.end(),
&
Door::open);
由於global function name本身就是一個pointer,所以想藉由&Door::open傳進一個address,但這樣compile並不會過,正確解法是
for_each(_doorVec.begin(), _doorVec.end(), mem_fun_ref(
&
Door::open));
透過mem_fun_ref()這個function adapter將member function轉成function object。

/* 2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com3

4
Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_MemberFunctionObject.cpp5
Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++6
Description : Demo how to use for_each with member function with object7
Release : 05/11/2007 1.08
*/
9
#include
<
vector
>
10
#include
<
iostream
>
11
#include
<
algorithm
>
12
#include
<
functional
>
13

14
using
namespace
std;15

16
class
Door
{17
public:18
void open() const {19
cout << "open door horizontally" << endl;20
}21
22
void close() const {23
cout << "close door horizontally" << endl;24
}25
}
;26

27
class
DoorController
{28
protected:29
vector<Door> _doorVec;30
31
public:32
void addDoor(Door aDoor) {33
_doorVec.push_back(aDoor);34
}35
36
void openDoor() const {37
for_each(_doorVec.begin(), _doorVec.end(), mem_fun_ref(&Door::open));38
}39
}
;40

41
int
main()
{42
DoorController dc;43
dc.addDoor(Door());44
dc.addDoor(Door());45
dc.openDoor();46
}
執行結果
open door horizontally
open door horizontally
37行
for_each(_doorVec.begin(), _doorVec.end(), mem_fun_ref(
&
Door::open));
值得注意的是,mem_fun_ref()用在object的member function。若要搭配多型,vector必須放pointer,也就是得使用object pointer的member function,此時得使用mem_fun()將member function轉成function object。

/* 2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com3

4
Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_MemberFunctionObjectPointer.cpp5
Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++6
Description : Demo how to use for_each with member function with object pointer7
Release : 05/11/2007 1.08
*/
9
#include
<
vector
>
10
#include
<
iostream
>
11
#include
<
algorithm
>
12
#include
<
functional
>
13

14
using
namespace
std;15

16
class
AbstractDoor
{17
public:18
virtual void open() const {19
cout << "open door horizontally" << endl;20
}21
22
virtual void close() const {23
cout << "close door horizontally" << endl;24
}25
}
;26

27
class
HorizontalDoor :
public
AbstractDoor
{28
}
;29

30
class
VerticalDoor :
public
AbstractDoor
{31
public:32
void open() const {33
cout << "open door vertically" << endl;34
}35
36
void close() const {37
cout << "close door vertically" << endl;38
}39
}
;40

41
class
DoorController
{42
protected:43
vector<AbstractDoor*> _doorVec;44
45
public:46
void addDoor(AbstractDoor& aDoor) {47
_doorVec.push_back(&aDoor);48
}49
50
void openDoor() const {51
for_each(_doorVec.begin(), _doorVec.end(), mem_fun(&AbstractDoor::open));52
}53
}
;54

55
int
main()
{56
DoorController dc;57
dc.addDoor(HorizontalDoor());58
dc.addDoor(VerticalDoor());59
dc.openDoor();60
}
執行結果
open door horizontally
open door vertically
51行
for_each(_doorVec.begin(), _doorVec.end(), mem_fun(
&
AbstractDoor::open));
使用了mem_fun()。
3.2傳入參數
問題又來了,若要使member function也傳入參數呢?這時得使用bind2nd將function object和參數bind在一起,變成另外一個新的function object。
/* 2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com3

4
Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_MemberFunctionObjectPointerWithParameter.cpp5
Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++6
Description : Demo how to use for_each with member function with object pointer7
Release : 05/11/2007 1.08
*/
9
#include
<
iostream
>
10
#include
<
vector
>
11
#include
<
algorithm
>
12
#include
<
functional
>
13

14
using
namespace
std;15

16
class
AbstractDoor
{17
public:18
virtual void open() const {19
cout << "open door horizontally" << endl;20
}21
22
virtual void close() const {23
cout << "close door horizontally" << endl;24
}25
26
virtual void openDoorBy(const char* name) const {27
cout << name << " ";28
open();29
}30
}
;31

32
class
HorizontalDoor :
public
AbstractDoor
{33
}
;34

35
class
VerticalDoor :
public
AbstractDoor
{36
public:37
void open() const {38
cout << "open door vertically" << endl;39
}40
41
void close() const {42
cout << "close door vertically" << endl;43
}44
}
;45

46
class
DoorController
{47
protected:48
vector<AbstractDoor*> _doorVec;49
50
public:51
void addDoor(AbstractDoor& aDoor) {52
_doorVec.push_back(&aDoor);53
}54
55
void openDoor() const {56
for_each(_doorVec.begin(), _doorVec.end(), bind2nd(mem_fun(&AbstractDoor::openDoorBy), "John"));57
}58
}
;59

60
int
main()
{61
DoorController dc;62
dc.addDoor(HorizontalDoor());63
dc.addDoor(VerticalDoor());64
dc.openDoor();65
}
執行結果
John open door horizontally2
John open door vertically
56行
for_each(_doorVec.begin(), _doorVec.end(), bind2nd(mem_fun(
&
AbstractDoor::openDoorBy),
"
John
"
));
透過了bind2nd將參數結合後,成為一個新的function object。
Generics與for_each()搭配
1.Function Template
1.1不傳入參數
在泛型世界裡,那for_each()該怎麼配合function template呢?
/* 2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com3
Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_FunctionTemplate.cpp4
Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++5
Description : Demo how to use for_each with function template6
Release : 05/11/2007 1.07
*/
8
#include
<
iostream
>
9
#include
<
vector
>
10
#include
<
iostream
>
11
#include
<
algorithm
>
12

13
using
namespace
std;14

15
template
<
typename T
>
16
void
printElem(T elem)
{17
cout << elem << endl;18
}
19

20
int
main()
{21
int ia[] = {1, 2, 3};22
vector<int> ivec(ia, ia + sizeof(ia) / sizeof(int));23
24
for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), printElem<int>);25
//for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), (void(*)(int))printElem);26
}
執行結果
1
2
3
若使用function template,有兩種寫法
一種是
for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), printElem
<
int
>
);
由於template function需要在compile時確定型別,所以要加上<int>確定為int型別。
另外一種寫法
for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), (
void
(
*
)(
int
))printElem);
template function並沒有確定型別,但轉成function pointer時,並須明確轉成int型別的function pointer。
1.2 傳入參數
若要如function object那樣能傳參數呢?funtion template是可以,不過有些限制,若使用nontype parameter,只能使用以下三種型別
1.int或enum
2.pointer:pointer to object,pointer to function,pointer to member。
3.reference:reference to object,reference to function。
/* 2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com3
Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_FunctionTemplateWithNontypeParameter.cpp4
Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++5
Description : Demo how to use for_each with function template with nontype parameter6
Release : 05/11/2007 1.07
*/
8
#include
<
iostream
>
9
#include
<
vector
>
10
#include
<
iostream
>
11
#include
<
algorithm
>
12

13
using
namespace
std;14

15
template
<
typename T,
int
i
>
16
void
printElem(T elem)
{17
cout << i << ":" << elem << endl;18
}
19

20
int
main()
{21
int ia[] = {1, 2, 3};22
vector<int> ivec(ia, ia + sizeof(ia) / sizeof(int));23
24
for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), printElem<int, 5>);25
}
執行結果
5
:
1
5
:
2
5
:
3
所以無法如function object那樣可以傳入字串或任意型別,最少在目前ISO C++標準是做不到的。
既然討論了function template,那最具威力的class template是否也能搭配for_each()?
2.Class Template
2.1 不傳入參數
/* 2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com3
Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_ClassTemplate.cpp4
Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++5
Description : Demo how to use for_each with class template6
Release : 05/11/2007 1.07
*/
8
#include
<
iostream
>
9
#include
<
vector
>
10
#include
<
iostream
>
11
#include
<
algorithm
>
12
#include
<
functional
>
13

14
using
namespace
std;15

16
template
<
typename T
>
17
class
printElem :
public
unary_function
<
T,
void
>
{18
public:19
void operator() (T elem) {20
cout << elem << endl;21
}22
}
;23

24
int
main()
{25
int ia[] = {1, 2, 3};26
vector<int> ivec(ia, ia + sizeof(ia) / sizeof(int));27
28
for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), printElem<int>());29
}
執行結果
1
2
3
17行
class
printElem :
public
unary_function
<
T,
void
>
{
因為printElem只接受for_each()所傳的參數,算是單參數而已,所以public繼承了unary_function<T,void>,因為for_each的定義
template
<
class
InputIterator,
class
UnaryFunction
>
UnaryFunction for_each(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, UnaryFunction f);
傳進去的是UnaryFunction型別,第一個type parameter T表示傳入的型別,第二個type parameter void,表示回傳的型別,最後重新定義operator()。
2.2 傳入參數
若要使class template也能傳入參數,一樣利用function object的技巧,借用constructor。
/* 2
(C) OOMusou 2007 http://oomusou.cnblogs.com3
Filename : GenericAlgo_for_each_ClassTemplateWithParameter.cpp4
Compiler : Visual C++ 8.0 / BCB 6.0 / gcc 3.4.2 / ISO C++5
Description : Demo how to use for_each with class template & parameter6
Release : 05/11/2007 1.07
*/
8
#include
<
iostream
>
9
#include
<
vector
>
10
#include
<
iostream
>
11
#include
<
algorithm
>
12
#include
<
functional
>
13

14
using
namespace
std;15

16
template
<
typename T, typename U
>
17
class
printElem :
public
unary_function
<
T,
void
>
{18
private:19
U _prefix;20
21
public:22
printElem(U prefix) : _prefix(prefix) {}23
24
void operator() (T elem) {25
cout << _prefix << elem << endl;26
}27
}
;28

29
int
main()
{30
int ia[] = {1, 2, 3};31
vector<int> ivec(ia, ia + sizeof(ia) / sizeof(int));32
33
for_each(ivec.begin(), ivec.end(), printElem<int, const char*>("Element:"));34
}
執行結果
Element:
1
Element:
2
Element:
3
Conclusion
STL的for_each()事實上很好用,不過由於限制很多,所以常令很多新手卻步,本文試著將所有會遇到問題的地方都提出來討論,包括procedure based、object oriented、generics三種paradigm與for_each()的搭配都涵蓋了,希望對各位有幫助。
本文详细探讨了STL中的for_each()算法,并通过多种编程范式展示其使用方法,包括过程式、面向对象及泛型编程。
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