0020. shell命令--more

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20. shell命令--more

功能说明

more 是 Linux 中的一个常用的命令行工具，用于分页显示文件内容。当文件内容过大，无法一次性在终端屏幕上完全显示时，more 命令允许用户按页查看文件内容。more 命令类似 cat ，不过会以一页一页的形式显示，更方便使用者逐页阅读。而最基本的指令就是按空白键（space）就往下一页显示，按 b 键就会往回（back）一页显示。而且还有搜寻字串的功能（与 vi 相似），使用中的说明文件，请按 h 。

语法格式

more [选项] 文件名

SYNOPSIS
    more [options] file [...]
    more [-dlfpcsu] [-num] [+/pattern] [+linenum] [fileNames..]

选项说明

-c：跟 -p 相似，不同的是先显示内容再清除其他旧资料
-s：当遇到有连续两行以上的空白行，就代换为一行的空白行
-u：不显示下引号（根据环境变数 TERM 指定的 terminal 而有所不同）
+/pattern：在每个文档显示前搜寻该字串（pattern），然后从该字串之后开始显示
-num：一次显示的行数，也就是定义屏幕显示的行数，默认为 11 行
-d：提示使用者，在画面下方显示 [Press space to continue, 'q' to quit.] ，如果使用者按错键，则会显示 [Press 'h' for instructions.] 而不是 '哔' 声，提示用户按空格键继续或按 q 键退出（Linux 系统默认）
-l：取消遇见特殊字元 ^L（送纸字元）时会暂停的功能
-f：计算行数时，以实际上的行数，而非自动换行过后的行数（有些单行字数太长的会被扩展为两行或两行以上）
-p：不以卷动的方式显示每一页，而是先清除萤幕后再显示内容
+num：从第 num 行开始显示
fileNames：欲显示内容的文档，可为复数个数

实践操作

1. 分页显示指定的文本文件内容，当内容过多时，按空格键查看下一页，按 q 键退出。
more /etc/profile

2. 先进行清屏操作，随后以每次5行内容的格式显示指定的文本文件内容
more -c -5 /etc/profile

3. 分页显示指定的文本文件内容，若遇到连续两行及以上空白行的情况，则以一行空白行显示
more /etc/yum.conf
more -s /etc/yum.conf

4. 从第10行开始，分页显示指定的文本文件内容
cat -n /etc/yum.conf    #看一下文件行号
more +10 /etc/yum.conf    #从第十行显示
more +13 /etc/yum.conf    #从第十三行显示

5. 与管道符 | 结合使用，以便从其他命令的输出中分页查看内容
ls -l /etc/ | more
grep "Started" /var/log/messages | more

命令示例：1. 分页显示指定的文本文件内容，当内容过多时，按空格键查看下一页，按 q 键退出。

more /etc/profile

输出结果：

[root@MineGi ~]# more /etc/profile
# /etc/profile

# System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup
# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc

# It's NOT a good idea to change this file unless you know what you
# are doing. It's much better to create a custom.sh shell script in
# /etc/profile.d/ to make custom changes to your environment, as this
# will prevent the need for merging in future updates.

pathmunge () {
    case ":${PATH}:" in
        *:"$1":*)
            ;;
        *)
            if [ "$2" = "after" ] ; then
                PATH=$PATH:$1
            else
                PATH=$1:$PATH
            fi
    esac
--More--(33%)
...

命令示例：2. 先进行清屏操作，随后以每次5行内容的格式显示指定的文本文件内容

more -c -5 /etc/profile

输出结果：

[root@MineGi ~]# 
# /etc/profile

# System wide environment and startup programs, for login setup
# Functions and aliases go in /etc/bashrc

--More--(6%)
......

命令示例：3. 分页显示指定的文本文件内容，若遇到连续两行及以上空白行的情况，则以一行空白行显示

more /etc/yum.conf
more -s /etc/yum.conf

输出结果：

[root@MineGi ~]# more /etc/yum.conf
[main]
cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever
keepcache=0
debuglevel=2
logfile=/var/log/yum.log
exactarch=1
obsoletes=1
gpgcheck=1
plugins=1
installonly_limit=5
bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=23&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_r
eport_page.php?category=yum
distroverpkg=centos-release


#  This is the default, if you make this bigger yum won't see if the metadata
# is newer on the remote and so you'll "gain" the bandwidth of not having to
# download the new metadata and "pay" for it by yum not having correct
# information.
#  It is esp. important, to have correct metadata, for distributions like
# Fedora which don't keep old packages around. If you don't like this checking
--More--(74%)
.....

命令示例：4. 从第10行开始，分页显示指定的文本文件内容

cat -n /etc/yum.conf
more +10 /etc/yum.conf
more +13 /etc/yum.conf

输出结果：

[root@MineGi ~]# cat -n /etc/yum.conf
     1    [main]
     2    cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever
     3    keepcache=0
     4    debuglevel=2
     5    logfile=/var/log/yum.log
     6    exactarch=1
     7    obsoletes=1
     8    gpgcheck=1
     9    plugins=1
    10    installonly_limit=5
    11    bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=23&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_report_page.php?category=yum
    12    distroverpkg=centos-release
    13    
    14    
    15    #  This is the default, if you make this bigger yum won't see if the metadata
    16    # is newer on the remote and so you'll "gain" the bandwidth of not having to
    17    # download the new metadata and "pay" for it by yum not having correct
    18    # information.
    19    #  It is esp. important, to have correct metadata, for distributions like
    20    # Fedora which don't keep old packages around. If you don't like this checking
    21    # interupting your command line usage, it's much better to have something
    22    # manually check the metadata once an hour (yum-updatesd will do this).
    23    # metadata_expire=90m
    24    
    25    # PUT YOUR REPOS HERE OR IN separate files named file.repo
    26    # in /etc/yum.repos.d
[root@MineGi ~]#
[root@MineGi ~]# more +10 /etc/yum.conf
installonly_limit=5
bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=23&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_r
eport_page.php?category=yum
distroverpkg=centos-release


#  This is the default, if you make this bigger yum won't see if the metadata
# is newer on the remote and so you'll "gain" the bandwidth of not having to
# download the new metadata and "pay" for it by yum not having correct
# information.
#  It is esp. important, to have correct metadata, for distributions like
# Fedora which don't keep old packages around. If you don't like this checking
# interupting your command line usage, it's much better to have something
# manually check the metadata once an hour (yum-updatesd will do this).
# metadata_expire=90m

# PUT YOUR REPOS HERE OR IN separate files named file.repo
# in /etc/yum.repos.d
[root@MineGi ~]# more +13 /etc/yum.conf 


#  This is the default, if you make this bigger yum won't see if the metadata
# is newer on the remote and so you'll "gain" the bandwidth of not having to
# download the new metadata and "pay" for it by yum not having correct
# information.
#  It is esp. important, to have correct metadata, for distributions like
# Fedora which don't keep old packages around. If you don't like this checking
# interupting your command line usage, it's much better to have something
# manually check the metadata once an hour (yum-updatesd will do this).
# metadata_expire=90m

# PUT YOUR REPOS HERE OR IN separate files named file.repo
# in /etc/yum.repos.d
[root@MineGi ~]#

命令示例：5. 与管道符 | 结合使用，以便从其他命令的输出中分页查看内容

ls -l /etc/ | more
grep "Started" /var/log/messages | more

输出结果：

[root@MineGi ~]# ls -l /etc/ | more
总用量 1060
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root       16 11月 22 09:57 adjtime
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root     1529 4月   1 2020 aliases
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root    12288 11月 22 09:58 aliases.db
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root      261 11月 22 10:07 alternatives
-rw-------.  1 root root      541 8月   9 2019 anacrontab
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root       55 8月   8 2019 asound.conf
drwxr-x---.  3 root root       43 11月 22 09:54 audisp
drwxr-x---.  3 root root       83 11月 22 09:58 audit
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root       46 11月 22 10:07 bash_completion.d
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root     2971 11月 22 10:09 bashrc
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root        6 10月  2 2020 binfmt.d
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root       37 10月 23 2020 centos-release
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root       51 10月 23 2020 centos-release-upstream
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root        6 10月 13 2020 chkconfig.d
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root     1108 8月   8 2019 chrony.conf
-rw-r-----.  1 root chrony    481 8月   8 2019 chrony.keys
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root       36 11月 22 10:07 cron.d
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root       57 11月 30 2024 cron.daily
-rw-------.  1 root root        0 8月   9 2019 cron.deny
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root       22 6月  10 2014 cron.hourly
[root@MineGi ~]# grep "Started" /var/log/messages | more
Nov 22 09:58:47 CentOS7 systemd[1]: Started Create list of required static device nodes for the curr
ent kernel.
Nov 22 09:58:47 CentOS7 systemd[1]: Started Create Static Device Nodes in /dev.
Nov 22 09:58:47 CentOS7 systemd[1]: Started Load Kernel Modules.
Nov 22 09:58:47 CentOS7 systemd[1]: Started Apply Kernel Variables.
Nov 22 09:58:47 CentOS7 systemd[1]: Started Journal Service.
Nov 22 09:58:47 CentOS7 systemd: Started Setup Virtual Console.
Nov 22 09:58:47 CentOS7 systemd: Started dracut cmdline hook.
Nov 22 09:58:47 CentOS7 systemd: Started dracut pre-udev hook.
Nov 22 09:58:47 CentOS7 systemd: Started udev Kernel Device Manager.
Nov 22 09:58:47 CentOS7 systemd: Started udev Coldplug all Devices.
Nov 22 09:58:47 CentOS7 systemd: Started Show Plymouth Boot Screen.
Nov 22 09:58:47 CentOS7 systemd: Started Forward Password Requests to Plymouth Directory Watch.
Nov 22 09:58:49 CentOS7 systemd: Started dracut initqueue hook.
Nov 22 09:58:49 CentOS7 systemd: Started File System Check on /dev/mapper/centos-root.
Nov 22 09:58:49 CentOS7 systemd: Started Reload Configuration from the Real Root.
Nov 22 09:58:49 CentOS7 systemd: Started dracut pre-pivot and cleanup hook.
Nov 22 09:58:49 CentOS7 systemd: Started Cleaning Up and Shutting Down Daemons.
Nov 22 09:58:49 CentOS7 systemd: Started Cleanup udevd DB.
Nov 22 09:58:49 CentOS7 systemd: Started Plymouth switch root service.
Nov 22 09:58:49 CentOS7 systemd: Started Read and set NIS domainname from /etc/sysconfig/network.
[root@MineGi ~]#