XPath基础与实用技巧-优快云博客

这篇博客介绍了XPath的基础语法，包括创建HTML文档、选取不同类型的元素和属性。详细讲解了如何获取根路径、选取特定标签、获取文本内容以及利用XPath函数进行更复杂的筛选，如选取含有特定属性的节点。此外，还探讨了XPath的常用函数，如string()、contains()等，以及各种轴（child、ancestor等）的概念，帮助读者深入理解XPath在网页解析和爬虫中的应用。

摘要生成于 C知道，由 DeepSeek-R1 满血版支持，前往体验 >

帮助文档
https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/

基础语法

表达式	描述
/	选中文档的根
.(点)	选中当前节点
…(点点)	选中当前节点的父节点
ELEMENT	选中子节点中所有ELEMENT元素节点
//ELEMENT	选中后代节点中所有ELEMENT元素节点
*	选中所有元素子节点
text()	选中所有文本子节点
@ATTR	选中名为ATTR的属性节点
@*	选中所有属性节点

创建html文档

from scrapy.selector import Selector
from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse

body='''
<html>
	<head>
		<base href='http://example.com/'>
		<title>Example website</site>
	</head>
	<body>
		<div id='images'>
			<a href='image1.html'>Name:Image 1 <br/><img src='image1.jpg' /></a>
			<a href='image2.html'>Name:Image 2 <br/><img src='image2.jpg' /></a>
			<a href='image3.html'>Name:Image 3 <br/><img src='image3.jpg' /></a>
			<a href='image4.html'>Name:Image 4 <br/><img src='image4.jpg' /></a>
			<a href='image5.html'>Name:Image 5 <br/><img src='image5.jpg' /></a>
		</div>
	</body>
</html>
'''

response = HtmlResponse(url='http://www.example.com',body=body,encoding='utf8')

获取根路径

print(response.xpath('/html'))
[<Selector xpath='/html' data='<html>\n\t<head>\n\t\t<base href="http://e...'>]

print(response.xpath('/html/head'))
[<Selector xpath='/html/head' data='<head>\n\t\t<base href="http://example.c...'>]

获取div下的所有a标签

print(response.xpath('/html/body/div/a'))
[<Selector xpath='/html/body/div/a' data='<a href="image1.html">Name:Image 1 <b...'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body/div/a' data='<a href="image2.html">Name:Image 2 <b...'>,
<Selector xpath='/html/body/div/a' data='<a href="image3.html">Name:Image 3 <b...'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body/div/a' data='<a href="image4.html">Name:Image 4 <b...'>,
<Selector xpath='/html/body/div/a' data='<a href="image5.html">Name:Image 5 <b...'>]

选中文档中的所有a标签

print(response.xpath('//a'))
[<Selector xpath='//a' data='<a href="image1.html">Name:Image 1 <b...'>, 
<Selector xpath='//a' data='<a href="image2.html">Name:Image 2 <b...'>, 
<Selector xpath='//a' data='<a href="image3.html">Name:Image 3 <b...'>, 
<Selector xpath='//a' data='<a href="image4.html">Name:Image 4 <b...'>, 
<Selector xpath='//a' data='<a href="image5.html">Name:Image 5 <b...'>]

选中body后代中所有的img

print(response.xpath('/html/body//img'))
[<Selector xpath='/html/body//img' data='<img src="image1.jpg">'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body//img' data='<img src="image2.jpg">'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body//img' data='<img src="image3.jpg">'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body//img' data='<img src="image4.jpg">'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body//img' data='<img src="image5.jpg">'>]

获取所有a标签的文本

print(response.xpath('//a/text()').extract())
['Name:Image 1 ', 'Name:Image 2 ', 'Name:Image 3 ', 'Name:Image 4 ', 'Name:Image 5 ']

获取html的所有元素子节点

print(response.xpath('/html/*'))
[<Selector xpath='/html/*' data='<head>\n\t\t<base href="http://example.c...'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/*' data='<body>\n\t\t<div id="images">\n\t\t\t<a href...'>]

获取div的所有后代元素节点

print(response.xpath('/html/body/div//*'))
[<Selector xpath='/html/body/div//*' data='<a href="image1.html">Name:Image 1 <b...'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body/div//*' data='<br>'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body/div//*' data='<img src="image1.jpg">'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body/div//*' data='<a href="image2.html">Name:Image 2 <b...'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body/div//*' data='<br>'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body/div//*' data='<img src="image2.jpg">'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body/div//*' data='<a href="image3.html">Name:Image 3 <b...'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body/div//*' data='<br>'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body/div//*' data='<img src="image3.jpg">'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body/div//*' data='<a href="image4.html">Name:Image 4 <b...'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body/div//*' data='<br>'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body/div//*' data='<img src="image4.jpg">'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body/div//*' data='<a href="image5.html">Name:Image 5 <b...'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body/div//*' data='<br>'>, 
<Selector xpath='/html/body/div//*' data='<img src="image5.jpg">'>]

获取div孙节点中所有的img

print(response.xpath('//div/*/img'))
[<Selector xpath='//div/*/img' data='<img src="image1.jpg">'>, 
<Selector xpath='//div/*/img' data='<img src="image2.jpg">'>, 
<Selector xpath='//div/*/img' data='<img src="image3.jpg">'>, 
<Selector xpath='//div/*/img' data='<img src="image4.jpg">'>, 
<Selector xpath='//div/*/img' data='<img src="image5.jpg">'>]

获取所有img的src属性

print(response.xpath('//img/@src'))
[<Selector xpath='//img/@src' data='image1.jpg'>, 
<Selector xpath='//img/@src' data='image2.jpg'>, 
<Selector xpath='//img/@src' data='image3.jpg'>, 
<Selector xpath='//img/@src' data='image4.jpg'>, 
<Selector xpath='//img/@src' data='image5.jpg'>]

获取所有的href属性

print(response.xpath('//@href'))
[<Selector xpath='//@href' data='http://example.com/'>, <Selector xpath='//@href' data='image1.html'>, 
<Selector xpath='//@href' data='image2.html'>, 
<Selector xpath='//@href' data='image3.html'>, 
<Selector xpath='//@href' data='image4.html'>, 
<Selector xpath='//@href' data='image5.html'>]

获取第一个a标签下的img的所有属性

print(response.xpath('//a[1]/img/@*'))
[<Selector xpath='//a[1]/img/@*' data='image1.jpg'>]

获取第一个a标签的选择器对象

print(response.xpath('//a')[0].xpath('.//img'))
[<Selector xpath='.//img' data='<img src="image1.jpg">'>]

print(response.xpath('//a[1]').xpath('.//img'))
[<Selector xpath='.//img' data='<img src="image1.jpg">'>]

获取所有img在父节点

print(response.xpath('//img/..'))
[<Selector xpath='//img/..' data='<a href="image1.html">Name:Image 1 <b...'>, 
<Selector xpath='//img/..' data='<a href="image2.html">Name:Image 2 <b...'>, 
<Selector xpath='//img/..' data='<a href="image3.html">Name:Image 3 <b...'>, 
<Selector xpath='//img/..' data='<a href="image4.html">Name:Image 4 <b...'>, 
<Selector xpath='//img/..' data='<a href="image5.html">Name:Image 5 <b...'>]

选择所有a中的第三个

print(response.xpath('//a[3]'))
[<Selector xpath='//a[3]' data='<a href="image3.html">Name:Image 3 <b...'>]

使用last函数，选中最后一个

print(response.xpath('//a[last()]'))
[<Selector xpath='//a[last()]' data='<a href="image5.html">Name:Image 5 <b...'>]

使用position函数，选中前三个

print(response.xpath('//a[position()<=3]'))
[<Selector xpath='//a[position()<=3]' data='<a href="image1.html">Name:Image 1 <b...'>, 
<Selector xpath='//a[position()<=3]' data='<a href="image2.html">Name:Image 2 <b...'>, 
<Selector xpath='//a[position()<=3]' data='<a href="image3.html">Name:Image 3 <b...'>]

选中所有含有id属性的div

print(response.xpath('//div[@id]'))
[<Selector xpath='//div[@id]' data='<div id="images">\n\t\t\t<a href="image1....'>]

选中所有含有id属性并且值为images的div

print(response.xpath('//div[@id="images"]'))
[<Selector xpath='//div[@id="images"]' data='<div id="images">\n\t\t\t<a href="image1....'>]

xpath常用函数

string(arg):返回参数的字符串值

获取strong的值
from scrapy.selector import Selector
text = '<a href="#">Click here to go to the <strong>Next Page</strong></a>'
sel = Selector(text=text)
res = sel.xpath('string(/html/body/a/strong)').extract()
print(res)

res1 = sel.xpath('/html/body/a/strong/text()')
print(res1)

结果：
['Next Page']
[<Selector xpath='/html/body/a/strong/text()' data='Next Page'>]

获取a标签中的两个值
from scrapy.selector import Selector
text = '<a href="#">Click here to go to the <strong>Next Page</strong></a>'
sel = Selector(text=text)
res = sel.xpath('string(/html/body/a//text())').extract()
print(res)

res1 = sel.xpath('string(/html/body/a)').extract()
print(res1)

结果：
['Click here to go to the ']
['Click here to go to the Next Page']

contains(str1,str2):判断str1中是否包含str2，返回布尔值

text = '''
<div>
    <p class="small info">hello world</p>
    <p> class="normal info">hello scrapy</p>
</div>
'''
sel = Selector(text=text)
print(sel.xpath('//p[contains(@class,"small")]'))
print(sel.xpath('//p[contains(@class,"info")]'))
结果：
[<Selector xpath='//p[contains(@class,"small")]' data='<p class="small info">hello world</p>'>]
[<Selector xpath='//p[contains(@class,"info")]' data='<p class="small info">hello world</p>'>]

child：选取当前节点的所有子元素
parent：选取当前节点的父节点
ancestor：选取当前节点的所有先辈（父、祖父等）
ancestor-or-self：选取当前节点的所有先辈（父、祖父等）以及当前节点本身
descendant：选取当前节点的所有后代元素（子、孙等）
descendant-or-self：选取当前节点的所有后代元素（子、孙等）以及当前节点本身
preceding：选取文档中当前节点的开始标记之前的所有节点
following：选取文档中当前节点的结束标记之后的所有节点
preceding-sibling：选取当前节点之前的所有同级节点
following-sibling：选取当前节点之后的所有同级节点
self：选取当前节点
attribute：选取当前节点的所有属性
namespace：选取当前节点的所有命名空间节点
在这里插入图片描述
xpath运算符