Protobuf简单类型直接反序列化方法

最新推荐文章于 2025-06-20 14:17:58 发布

libby0926

最新推荐文章于 2025-06-20 14:17:58 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.youkuaiyun.com/libby0926/article/details/111844961

本文介绍了如何在.NET环境中利用Protobuf进行跨平台的数据序列化和反序列化。重点讲解了如何处理泛型集合和简单对象的序列化，包括从字符串中获取类信息进行反序列化的方法。通过protobuf.net库，实现了动态加载类型并反序列化，同时探讨了不同类型序列化与反序列化的策略。

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我有一个想法，有一个能够进行跨平台的高性能数据协议规范，能够让数据在两个不同的程序之间进行读取，最好能够支持直接将object序列化，那就完美了。

目标#
支持任意Object序列化
支持从类似System.String的字符串中获取类的信息并进行反序列化
支持简单对象的直接序列化与反序列化
方案#
Xml序列化#
说到序列化，.NET自带的XML序列化就很好用了，无奈有很多类型不支持，典型的比如Dictionary<>，而且这个东西虽然强大，但是xml的标签机制导致多余的内容比较多，空间占用会比较大。

Binary序列化#
支持任意object序列化，.NET还提供了BinaryFormatter。

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// code from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7442164/c-sharp-and-net-how-to-serialize-a-structure-into-a-byte-array-using-binary
MyObject obj = new MyObject();
byte[] bytes;
IFormatter formatter = new BinaryFormatter();
using (MemoryStream stream = new MemoryStream())
{
formatter.Serialize(stream, obj);
bytes = stream.ToArray();
}
这种方式支持任意的object进行序列化，不过有一个问题，它和Type模型严格绑定，只支持同一个程序集版本的消息交互，也不支持其他语言编写的程序。
我之前用过这种方式，用于单个程序内的数据快速保存与读取。这种情况下，只是单纯在为了保存object的状态，操作非常便捷，我认为非常合适。

Protobuf#
这个东西就是grpc中的数据格式，可以跨平台，支持多种语言，数据是二进制的，压缩率也很高。好吧，就是它了。

如果要在.NET中使用Protobuf协议，经常用的两个类库，一个是Google.Protobuf，另外一个是protobuf.net。详细的区别我就不赘述了，有一篇文章有多个对比。由于我比较喜欢直接使用C#的类型系统，所以我还是听从文章建议，直接使用protobuf.net了。

protobuf-net#
对于通信双方都是.NET程序的情况下，使用protobuf不需要直接编写proto文件，可以直接共享数据类的引用。如果是需要与非.NET程序进行通信的话，也可以通过工具生成，直接从proto中读取信息并生成类。回顾一下目标，一条条处理。

支持任意对象的序列化
protobuf通过定义实体类来进行序列化，所以也是支持任意对象的。这里我就不再详细说明了，可以在官网查看详细使用方法。

支持从类似System.String的字符串中获取类的信息并进行反序列化
一直有一个痛点，能否从序列化后的内容中还原一般对象，就是对象类型在编译的时候未知的那种。通过保存类型的string名称，在需要反序列化的时候，通过类型名称加载类型，将内容反序列化为指定类型。这个多多少少要用到反射了吧。

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static void Main(string[] args)
{
var ps = new List { “1346dfg” , “31461sfghj”, “24576sth”} ;
var name = ps.GetType().FullName;
using (FileStream ms = new FileStream(“d:\a.txt”, FileMode.Create))
{
Serializer.Serialize(ms, ps);
}
using (FileStream ms = new FileStream(“d:\a.txt”, FileMode.Open))
{
//data已经转换为List对象，不过返回的类型还是object，可以强制转换。
dynamic data = Serializer.Deserialize(Type.GetType(name), ms);
Console.WriteLine(data[1]);
}
}
这里使用到了一个Type类型的FullName属性，对于内置类型对象，假设ps的类型是String的话，那个FullName为System.String，返回的内容很简单。但在这个例子中，FullName为System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[System.String, System.Private.CoreLib, Version=5.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=7cec85d7bea7798e]]，感觉一下子复杂了很多，而且要命的是，这里明确指明了CoreLib的引用，还有版本声明。如果需要在.NET Core3.1中反序列化，肯定是无法实现。

尝试解决一下，这个System.String不光在.NET 5中有，在其他.NET平台应该都可以支持，所以得想办法去掉System.String的尾巴。

可以试着对FullName下手，但是这个东西有点太长了，而且直接处理字符串我不是很喜欢；试着从Type类型下手。

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var ty = Type.GetType(name);
Console.WriteLine(ty.Name);
Console.WriteLine(ty.Namespace);
Console.WriteLine(ty.GenericTypeArguments[0].Name);
Console.WriteLine(ty.GenericTypeArguments[0].Namespace);
//组合相关的代码
dynamic data = Serializer.Deserialize(Type.GetType($"{ty.Namespace}.{ty.Name}" +
$"[{ty.GenericTypeArguments[0].Namespace}.{ty.GenericTypeArguments[0].Name}]"), ms);

Console.WriteLine(data[1]);
稍微修改一下，通过手动连接Namespace与Name属性就可以达到我们的目的了。

List`1这个代表这个泛型里面只有一个参数，我这边就硬编码了，对于其他泛型，可能有多个参数，需要进行鉴别，并调整构造Type名称的代码。

我按照这个思路，完整的代码如下：

Copy
static void Main(string[] args)
{
var ps = new List { “1346dfg”, “31461sfghj”, “24576sth” };
var ty = ps.GetType();
//保存Type名称
var name = $"{ty.Namespace}.{ty.Name}" +
$"[{ty.GenericTypeArguments[0].Namespace}.{ty.GenericTypeArguments[0].Name}]";
//实际的程序不涉及文件操作，这里展示MemoryStream的用法。
using (MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream())
{
Serializer.Serialize(ms, ps);
//重置指针，从头开始读
ms.Position = 0;
//使用Type名称反序列化
dynamic data = Serializer.Deserialize(Type.GetType(name), ms);
Console.WriteLine(data[1]);
}
}
支持简单对象的直接序列化与反序列化
我说的简单对象，就是系统定义的泛型集合与直接有TypeCode，并且不是object的对象。补充一下，我常用的几种。
内置类型#
定义在System命名空间下的类型，包括DateTime，Int32之类的，都是直接System.类型名称的形式。

注意，int和float这种是不行的，需要使用Int32和Single。

泛型集合+内置类型#
泛型集合定义在System.Collections.Generic这个命名空间，所以组合起来为System.Collections.Generic.泛型名称`参数数量[System.类型名称]。举两个例子：

List的是System.Collections.Generic.List`1[System.String]。

Dictionary<int,string>的是System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary`2[[System.Int32],[System.String]]。

内置类型数组#
直接在名称后添加[]即可，形式为System.类型名称[]。

补充#
序列化操作不要求序列化的类型和反序列化的类型完全一致，比如说Array可以与List，IEnumerable进行互换。因此，一些单独定义的、结构比较简单的类型，可以通过内置类型进行反序列化，就没有必要在反序列化的时候加载原始的类了，简化了操作。

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[ProtoContract]
public class Message
{
[ProtoMember(1)]
public List values { get; set; }
}

static void Main(string[] args)
{
var ps = new Message { values = new List { “1346dfg”, “31461sfghj”, “24576sth” } };

using (FileStream ms = new FileStream("d:\\a.txt", FileMode.Create))
{
    Serializer.Serialize(ms, ps);
}

using (FileStream ms = new FileStream("d:\\a.txt", FileMode.Open))
{
    //List<string>反序列化，而无需使用Message类。这里Message的FullName是"ConsoleApp6.Program+Message"
    dynamic data = Serializer.Deserialize(Type.GetType("System.Collections.Generic.List`1[System.String]"), ms);
    Console.WriteLine(data[1]);
}

}
另外，对于上面的dynamic，由于编译的时候不检查，怕操作错误的同学可以进行类型转换。分享一个代码段，可能能有点帮助。
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Copy
//转换对象为某一种类型
public static T ConvertTo(object value)
{
return (T)Convert.ChangeType(value, typeof(T));
}
如果是限定的几种类型，可以使用switch语句进行判断，并将对象转成T，以进行类型安全的操作。如果不是的话，推荐使用接口来定义类的通用行为，这个回答中提供了一些建议，推荐看看。